Lecture 16 - Human Factors 4

Question 1

Ideally, information is transmitted without any ____ or ______ from its original form.

Answer 1

loss; change

Question 2

Reaction time required for a correct response to a given stimulus is related to the amount of ________.

Answer 2

information

Question 3

The things you have to thing about, the slower the reaction time. This is known as ____ ____.

Answer 3

Hicks Law

Question 4

What are the 6 stages of the human information processing model?

Answer 4

1. Sensory processing
2. Perception
3. Memory and cognition
4. Response selection and execution
5. Feedback
6. Attention

Question 5

_______ of sensory organs that convert physical energy to electrical energy and send to the brain affect perception and cognition.

Answer 5

limitations

Question 6

Visual (_______) temporary storage of the representation of raw stimuli last approximate how long? Auditory (______)?

Answer 6

iconic; 100-500ms; echoic; 3-5s

Question 7

Range of sensitivity to sensory stimulus changes across each “_______”.

Answer 7

sense

Question 8

Range of sensitivity can be expressed how?

Answer 8

From the smallest detectable to the upper limit (absolute threshold to pain threshold)

Question 9

What do thresholds usually determine?

Answer 9

sensitivity

Question 10

The ______ is the smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities.

Answer 10

JND (just noticeable difference)

Question 11

Upper limits are used to define the ____ _____ of the range of sensitivity.

Answer 11

safety limits

Question 12

________ = the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses.

Answer 12

cognition

Question 13

Rehearsal, reasoning or image transformation is carried out by _______ ______.

Answer 13

working memory

Question 14

Material that is rehearsed in working memory can become ______ ______ - learning takes place.

Answer 14

long-term memory

Question 15

How long does short term memory last?

Answer 15

~30s

Question 16

What 3 kinds of memory does longterm memory store?

Answer 16

1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory
3. Procedural knowledge

Question 17

________ = the process of decoding the meaning of the raw sensory data.

Answer 17

perception

Question 18

What two processes are involved in perception?

Answer 18

1. Top down processing

2. Bottom up feature analysis

Question 19

____ _____ processing = perception of objects based on expectation, associations and context even when the quality of features is degraded.

Answer 19

top-down

Question 20

____ ____ feature analysis = perception based on sensory system first.

Answer 20

bottom-up

Question 21

Bottom-up processing refers to processing sensory information as it is ______ ___, and it is built from the ________ pieces of sensory information.

Answer 21

coming in; smallest

Question 22

Top-down processing refers to perception that is driven by ______. Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to ______.

Answer 22

cognitions perceive

Question 23

When given _____, your perception is driven by your cognitive expectations.

Answer 23

context

Question 24

What are 3 guidelines in perception for human factors?

Answer 24

1. Maximize bottom-up processing
2. Maximize automaticity by using familiar perceptual representation
3. Maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing might be poor

Question 25

What are 3 ways to maximize bottom-up processing?

Answer 25

1. High visibility
2. Legibility
3. Audibility

Question 26

What are 4 ways to maximize automaticity by using familiar perceptual representation?

Answer 26

1. Familiar fonts
2. Familiar language
3. Meaningful icons
4. Meaningful symbols

Question 27

What are 5 ways to maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing might be poor ?

Answer 27

1. Maximize discriminating features
2. Create context
3. Exploit redundancy
4. Use a smaller vocabulary
5. Be wary of possible perceptual errors under degraded perceptual conditions

Question 28

Understanding a situation, achieved through perception and augmented by cognitive transformations will trigger the selection of a _________, which is followed by an _________.

Answer 28

response; execution

Question 29

Two discrete states of the world that are not easily discriminable include?

Answer 29

Signal absent or present

Question 30

_______ threshold = stimuli is picked up by sensory organs.

Answer 30

Physiological threshold

Question 31

_______ threshold = something is there

Answer 31

detection

Question 32

_______ threshold = see features of stimuli

Answer 32

identification

Question 33

________ threshold = conceptional categorization

Answer 33

recognition

Question 34

Variation in neural activity may be a direct result of presence of _____ and may also result from noise in the environment.

Answer 34

tone

Question 35

We are inherently aware of the noise in environment we set a response criteria to assist in our _____ _____.

Answer 35

decision making

Question 36

_______ ______ = the sensitivity of the signal detection system.

Answer 36

discriminability index (d’)

Question 37

____ d’ implies high sensitivity, a greater difference between response means, easily to detect signal.

Answer 37

larger

Question 38

_____ d’ implies low sensitivity, a smaller difference between response means difficult to detect signal.

Answer 38

small

Question 39

Response bias depends on what 3 things?

Answer 39

1. Culture
2. Instructions
3. Experience

Question 40

Prone to say ____ = higher probability of a hit, and higher probability of false alarm, lower probably of correct rejection.

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

Prone to say ___ = higher probability of miss, lower probability of hit, lower probability of false alarm, higher probability of correct rejection.

Answer 41

no

Question 42

_______ ______ = signal detection performance decreases over time.

Answer 42

vigilance decrement

Question 43

What are 5 ways to avoid vigilance decrement?

Answer 43

1. Shorter shifts
2. Training and experience
3. Memory aids
4. Feedback with alarms, signals, controls
5. Remove noise and extraneous stimuli (increase signal to noise)