Lecture 16 - Human Factors 4 Flashcards
Ideally, information is transmitted without any ____ or ______ from its original form.
loss; change
Reaction time required for a correct response to a given stimulus is related to the amount of ________.
information
The things you have to thing about, the slower the reaction time. This is known as ____ ____.
Hicks Law
What are the 6 stages of the human information processing model?
- Sensory processing
- Perception
- Memory and cognition
- Response selection and execution
- Feedback
- Attention
_______ of sensory organs that convert physical energy to electrical energy and send to the brain affect perception and cognition.
limitations
Visual (_______) temporary storage of the representation of raw stimuli last approximate how long? Auditory (______)?
iconic; 100-500ms; echoic; 3-5s
Range of sensitivity to sensory stimulus changes across each “_______”.
sense
Range of sensitivity can be expressed how?
From the smallest detectable to the upper limit (absolute threshold to pain threshold)
What do thresholds usually determine?
sensitivity
The ______ is the smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities.
JND (just noticeable difference)
Upper limits are used to define the ____ _____ of the range of sensitivity.
safety limits
________ = the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses.
cognition
Rehearsal, reasoning or image transformation is carried out by _______ ______.
working memory
Material that is rehearsed in working memory can become ______ ______ - learning takes place.
long-term memory
How long does short term memory last?
~30s
What 3 kinds of memory does longterm memory store?
- Semantic memory
- Episodic memory
- Procedural knowledge
________ = the process of decoding the meaning of the raw sensory data.
perception
What two processes are involved in perception?
- Top down processing
2. Bottom up feature analysis
____ _____ processing = perception of objects based on expectation, associations and context even when the quality of features is degraded.
top-down
____ ____ feature analysis = perception based on sensory system first.
bottom-up
Bottom-up processing refers to processing sensory information as it is ______ ___, and it is built from the ________ pieces of sensory information.
coming in; smallest
Top-down processing refers to perception that is driven by ______. Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to ______.
cognitions perceive
When given _____, your perception is driven by your cognitive expectations.
context
What are 3 guidelines in perception for human factors?
- Maximize bottom-up processing
- Maximize automaticity by using familiar perceptual representation
- Maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing might be poor
What are 3 ways to maximize bottom-up processing?
- High visibility
- Legibility
- Audibility
What are 4 ways to maximize automaticity by using familiar perceptual representation?
- Familiar fonts
- Familiar language
- Meaningful icons
- Meaningful symbols
What are 5 ways to maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing might be poor ?
- Maximize discriminating features
- Create context
- Exploit redundancy
- Use a smaller vocabulary
- Be wary of possible perceptual errors under degraded perceptual conditions
Understanding a situation, achieved through perception and augmented by cognitive transformations will trigger the selection of a _________, which is followed by an _________.
response; execution
Two discrete states of the world that are not easily discriminable include?
Signal absent or present
_______ threshold = stimuli is picked up by sensory organs.
Physiological threshold
_______ threshold = something is there
detection
_______ threshold = see features of stimuli
identification
________ threshold = conceptional categorization
recognition
Variation in neural activity may be a direct result of presence of _____ and may also result from noise in the environment.
tone
We are inherently aware of the noise in environment we set a response criteria to assist in our _____ _____.
decision making
_______ ______ = the sensitivity of the signal detection system.
discriminability index (d’)
____ d’ implies high sensitivity, a greater difference between response means, easily to detect signal.
larger
_____ d’ implies low sensitivity, a smaller difference between response means difficult to detect signal.
small
Response bias depends on what 3 things?
- Culture
- Instructions
- Experience
Prone to say ____ = higher probability of a hit, and higher probability of false alarm, lower probably of correct rejection.
yes
Prone to say ___ = higher probability of miss, lower probability of hit, lower probability of false alarm, higher probability of correct rejection.
no
_______ ______ = signal detection performance decreases over time.
vigilance decrement
What are 5 ways to avoid vigilance decrement?
- Shorter shifts
- Training and experience
- Memory aids
- Feedback with alarms, signals, controls
- Remove noise and extraneous stimuli (increase signal to noise)
