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EPHE 456 > Lecture 15 - Human Factors 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Human Factors 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ = sound pressure perceived as loudness.

A

amplitude

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2
Q

_______ = cycles per second perceived as pitch.

A

frequency

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3
Q

What is the eardrum also known as?

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

An ________ ______ runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into an upper and lower part. This is called the ?

A

elastic partition; basilar membrane

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5
Q

Bending cause channels, which are on the tips of the _____ to open up.

A

stereocilia

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6
Q

High frequencies cause vibrations at the _______ of the cochlea, and low frequency vibrations cause vibrations at the _______.

A

base;apex

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7
Q

Sound intensity is also known as ______ intensity, and it is defined as the _____ power per unit area.

A

acoustic; sound

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8
Q

What is the SI unit of sound intensity?

A

W/m2

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9
Q

It is common to express the sound intensity using a logarithmic scale known as the _________ scale.

A

decibel

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10
Q

The dB is a ________ way of describing a ratio.

A

logarithmic

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11
Q

The dB scale and the intensity values are _______ measures of sound.

A

objective

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12
Q

Sound with equal intensities but different _______ are perceived by the same person to have unequal loudness.

A

frequencies

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13
Q

A 60dB sound with a frequency of 1000Hz sounds (louder/softer) than a 60dB sound with a frequency of 500Hz.

A

louder

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14
Q

A ______ is used to indicate an individuals perception of loudness.

A

phon

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15
Q

______ and ______ are used to indicate an individual perception of loudness.

A

phons; sones

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16
Q

What does sones tell us that phons don’t?

A

how much louder one sound is than another

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17
Q

Psychophysical scale of sound is an interaction between what two things?

A

Amplitude and frequency

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18
Q

What is the range we’re most sensitive to tones between?

A

1000-4000Hz

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19
Q

Hearing threshold elevation at high frequencies is known as?

A

Presbycusis

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20
Q

What does the audible spectrum decrease to with age?

A

50-8000Hz

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21
Q

Noice-induced hearing loss is caused by damage to what?

A

structures in inner ear

22
Q

What is one of the most common work-related illnesses in the US?

A

NIHL

23
Q

Long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above ____ dB can cause hearing loss.

A

85

24
Q

What is most NIHL caused by?

A

Damage and eventual death of hair cells

25
Q

Human hair cells don’t grow back (T/F)/

A

True

26
Q

NIOSH recommends that every increase by 3dBA ______ the amount of noise and _______ the recommended exposure time.

A

doubles; halves

27
Q

Whats the most common construction trade to have NIHL?

A

Welders (79.5%)

28
Q

_______ has been isolated as one of the highest problematic areas for NIHL in Canada.

A

Carpentry

29
Q

The average ___ year old carpenter has the ears of a ___ year old person who has not been exposed to noise.

A

25;50

30
Q

Loud noise exposure can also cause ______; a ringing, buzzing or roaring in the head when no external noise is present.

A

tinnitus

31
Q

Tinnitus can be caused by damage to improper transmission through sensory _______ or pathway to the ______.

A

organs; brain

32
Q

Sometimes exposure to impulse or continuous loud noise causes a temporary hearing loss that disappears ____ to ____ hours later. What is this called?

A

16;48; temporary threshold shift or auditory fatigue

33
Q

In intense noise, displacement of basilar membrane of maximum vibration is large, and hair cells are ______ by considerable force.

A

bent

34
Q

Overstimulation leads to temporary ________ or hair cells.

A

paralysis

35
Q

Temporary threshold shift (TTS) is usually measured ___ minutes following exposure to avoid recovery.

A

2

36
Q

TTS usually experienced at frequencies high than the exposure frequency, usually ______Hz.

A

4000

37
Q

________ noise causes raised levels of cortisol and other stress hormones.

A

chronic

38
Q

There is a _____ correlation between long term noise exposure above 67-70 dB and hypertension.

A

weak

39
Q

Noise levels of _____ dB(A) at night may increase the risk of myocardial infarction.

A

50

40
Q

The vestibular system encodes _______ and _______ acceleration of the head.

A

linear; rotary

41
Q

The vestibular system senses constant _______ acceleration by earth gravity and thus signals to the brain head movement and position with respect to constant gravitational _______.

A

linear; acceleration

42
Q

What three things does the vestibular system do?

A
  1. Detect acceleration forces
  2. Maintains upright posture/balance
  3. Controls eye position relative to head
43
Q

_______ _______ detect angular acceleration in 3 axes.

A

semicircular canals

44
Q

In semicircular canals, a ____ is embedded in jelly-like material (cupola) is supported by hair cells that bend and fire in response to head rotation.

A

crista

45
Q

_________ ____ detect linear acceleration.

A

Vestibular sacs

46
Q

The vestibular sacs (utricle and saccule) are hair cells in jelly like substance that ____ behind when the head moves.

A

lag

47
Q

________ refers to involuntary movement of the eyes.

A

Nystagmus

48
Q

What may nystagmus sometimes be accompanied with?

A

Vertigo

49
Q

Individuals exposed to intense noice may have evidence of vestibular pathology only when there is an _________ hearing loss.

A

asymmetrical

50
Q

What are the two types of nystagmus?

A
  1. Spontaneous

2. Positional

EPHE 456 (12 decks)

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