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Embryology > Lecture 16 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 16 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The early neural epithelium is made of what type of epithelial cells?

A

Simple cuboidal

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2
Q

The neural plate is made up of what type of epithelial cells?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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3
Q

The early neural tube wall is made up of __________ epithelium. This means it has a single layer of columnar cells with nuclei at varying heights.

A

Pseudostratified

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4
Q

The early neural tube wall has limiting membranes. The external limiting membrane is the ______ ______.

A

Basal lamina

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5
Q

The late neural tube is made up of _________ epithelium.

A

Stratified

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6
Q

Nuclei within the neural epithelium move from a position next to the _______ to a position next to the external limiting membrane. _______ occurs close to the lumen, while ______ ______ occurs close to the external limiting membrane.

A

Lumen
Mitosis
DNA replication

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7
Q

In the neural tube, if the metaphase plate of neural epithelial cells is (PERPENDICULAR/PARALLEL) to the inner margin of the neural tube (next to lumen), two resulting daughter cells will remain proliferative.

A

Perpendicular

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8
Q

In the neural tube, if the metaphase plate of neural epithelial cells is (PERPENDICULAR/PARALLEL) to the inner margin, daughter cells closest to the lumen will remain proliferative and daughter cells further from the lumen will become a neuroblast.

A

Parallel

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9
Q

In the daughter cells from a parallel metaphase plate that are farther from the lumen, they will express ______ receptor then become postmitotic. After this, they will move to the external limiting membrane and become a neuroblast (pre-neuron).

A

Notch

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10
Q

In the embryo spinal cord cross-section, the ependymal zone is also known as the ________ zone. The mantle layer is also known as the ________ zone.

A

Ventricular

Intermediate

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11
Q

In ventral signaling, the notochord induces formation of the floor plate of the neural tube via ________.

A

Shh (Sonic hedgehog)

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12
Q

Shh (Sonic hedgehog) produced by the floor plate induces the formation of ______ ______.

A

Motor neurons

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13
Q

In dorsal signaling, ectoderm flanking the neural plates uses ______ to induce ______ in the future neural crest and later to maintain ______ and ______ to create a dorsalizing effect.

A

BMPs
snail-2
Pax-3
Pax-7

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14
Q

In dorsal signaling, expression of Pax-3 and Pax-7 is suppressed by _______ from the floor plate to suppress the dorsalizing effect in the basal plate.

A

Shh

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15
Q

In dorsal signaling, expression of Pax-3 and Pax-7 is suppressed by _______ from the floor plate to suppress the dorsalizing effect in the basal plate.

A

Shh

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16
Q

In mammals, the primitive node and the notochordal process act as the primary inductors of the ________ system.

A

Nervous

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17
Q

The cranial end of the neural tube divides into a ________ brain.

A

Tripartite

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18
Q

The caudal part of the early brain becomes subdivided into segments (neuromeres), of which the _________ are most prominent.

A

Rhombomeres

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19
Q

Specific ________ genes are expressed in a regular order in the rhombomeres.

A

Homeobox

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20
Q

The isthmic organizer (a signaling center) is located at the junction between the midbrain and the hindbrain and acts by the production of ______ anteriorly and ______ posteriorly.

A

Wnt-1

FGF-8

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21
Q

Most cranial ______ are associated with the caudal end of the brain.

A

Nerves

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22
Q

Most structures supplied by the cranial nerves are derived from the ________ ________.

A

Pharyngeal arches

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23
Q

Cranial Nerve _____ (rhombomere 2 in birds) innervates structures derived from the first pharyngeal arch. The progeny of a single neuroblast remain within rhombomere 2. Axons of rhombomere ____ join those of rhombomere 2.

A

V

3

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24
Q

Cranial Nerve _____ (rhombomere 4 in birds) innervates structures derived from the second pharyngeal arch. The progeny of a single neuroblast remain within rhombomere 4. Axons of rhombomere ____ join those of rhombomere 4.

A

VII

5

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25
Q

Cranial Nerve _____ (rhombomere 6 in birds) innervates structures derived from the third pharyngeal arch. The progeny of a single neuroblast remain within rhomobmere 6. Axons from rhombomere _____ join those of rhombomere 6.

A

IX

7

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26
Q

Cranial nerves that innervate ________ structures (as opposed to splanchnic structures) arise in a different cranio-caudal column and do not occupy continuous rhombomeres.

A

Somatic

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27
Q

The segmented nature of spinal nerves is due to the pattern of somitic ________ along the neural tube.

A

Mesoderm

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28
Q

Motor neurons can penetrate (POSTERIOR/ANTERIOR) mesoderm of somites but not (POSTERIOR/ANTERIOR) mesoderm of somites.

A

Anterior

Posterior

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29
Q

This is a signaling center located between the mesencephalon and the metencephalon.

A

Isthmic organizer

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30
Q

The principal signaling molecule of the isthmic organizer is ______.

A

FGF-8

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31
Q

In the isthmic organizer, FGF-8/Wnt-1 induce the expression of…

A

En-1
En-2
Pax-2
Pax-5

32
Q

The concentration of the gene products expressed by isthmic organizer will (INCREASE/DECREASE) as they move away from it.

A

Decrease

33
Q

This isthmic organizer organizes and polarizes dorsal _______ and _______.

A

Midbrain

Cerebellum

34
Q

Dorsoventral patterning of midbrain is primarily due to ______ located ventrally. This restricts the expression of ______ and similar molecules.

A

Shh

Pax-7

35
Q

Pax-7 is related to the formation of ______ ______.

A

Alar plate

36
Q

Pax-6 is expressed in alar plate of diencephalon and is “master gene” of _____ formation.

A

Eye

37
Q

Pax-6 inhibits _____ and vice-versa. This reciprocal inhibition results in the formation of the diencephalic-mesencephalic border.

A

En-1

38
Q

Forebrain segmentation is represented by an unremarkable set of three _________.

A

Prosomeres (P1-P3)

39
Q

P1-P3 define the _________ and P2-P3 define dorsal and ventral _______.

A

Diencephalon

Thalamus

40
Q

The secondary rhombencephalon field is a large area of the forebrain cranial to ____ and represents the prechordal region of the neural tube.

A

P3

41
Q

The basal plate develops into the…

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

The alar plate develops into the…

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Optic vesicles

43
Q

Axons grow out from the motor _________ located in the basal plate of the spinal cord.

A

Neuroblasts

44
Q

Boundary caps created by ______ ______ cells maintain separation between central nervous system components and peripheral nervous system components.

A

Neural crest

45
Q

Cells bodies of sensory neurons are derived from ______ ______ cells.

A

Neural crest

46
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons form sensory ______ ______.

A

Spinal ganglia

47
Q

Axons grow from sensory neuron cell bodies both toward the ______ ______ and the periphery. Boundary caps maintain separation here as well.

A

Spinal cord

48
Q

This axon outgrowth is characterized by an expanded region of cytoplasm with filopodia. It advances via extension/resorption cycles that involve actin microfilaments.

A

Growth cone

49
Q

Growth cone outgrowth can depend on the environment it is in. Some influences of the local environment include…

A

Chemoattraction
Contact attraction
Chemorepulsion
Contact repulsion

50
Q

Growth cones can respond to concentration gradients of diffusible substances. They can be attractant diffusible substances, i.e. _______, or they can be repulsive diffusible substances, i.e. ________.

A

Netrins

Semaphorins

51
Q

Growth cones can also respond to fixed physical or chemical cues from the microenvironment immediately surrounding them. Some of these include…

A

Caudal half of somite
Fibronectin and laminin
Integrins
Cadherins

52
Q

In a peripheral nerve, one _________ axon typically precedes the others in growing toward its target. Other axons follow, forming ________ (bundles) of axons.

A

Pioneering

Fascicles

53
Q

Fasciculation of axons is facilitated by intercellular adhesion proteins such as ______, which help bind parallel nerve fibers.

A

L1

54
Q

_______ is present on the surfaces of most embryonic nerve processes and muscle fibers and is involved in the initiation of neuromuscular contacts.

A

N-CAM

55
Q

The cytoskeletal backbone of an axon is an ordered array of ________ and ________.

A

Microtubules

Neurofilaments

56
Q

These are long, tubular polymers composed of tubulin subunits.

A

Microtubules

57
Q

As an axon extends from its cell body, tubulin subunits are transported down the axon and polymerize onto the distal end of the microtubule. The assembly of ________ is organized in a similar polarized manner.

A

Neurofilaments

58
Q

The site of these cytoskeletal additions is close to the base of the growth cone, meaning that the axon elongates (DISTALLY/PROXIMALLY) rather than being pushed out by an addition to its (DISTAL/PROXIMAL) end near the neuronal cell body.

A

Distally

Proximal

59
Q

A characteristic accompaniment of axonal growth is the production of large amounts of _______.

A

GAPs

***Mainly GAP-43

60
Q

When a motor axon meets a muscle fiber, there is _______ of outgrowth of axon.

A

Cessation

61
Q

When a motor axon meets a muscle fiber, there is preparation by the neuron for release of neurotransmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles fill with ______, and there is induction of synaptic vesicle release sites.

A

ACh (Acetylcholine)

62
Q

When a motor axon meets a muscle fiber, the muscle fiber prepares for signal transduction. There is junction-specific ACh receptors that become concentrated in postsynaptic folds. Nonjunctional ACh receptors are eliminated. ________ accumulates in basal lamina.

A

ACh-esterase

***Study Lecture 16 Slide 42

63
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons arise from _______ _______ of gray matter. Levels of origin are from T1 through L2.

A

Intermediate (lateral) horns

64
Q

Myelinated axons move through the ventral roots of the spinal cord and then through the…

A

White communicating rami

65
Q

Axons enter sympathetic ______ ganglia or ______ ganglia. Autonomic ganglia are derived from ______ _____ cells.

A

Chain
Collateral
Neural crest

66
Q

Preganglionic axons synapse with cells bodies of postsynaptic sympathetic motor neurons within the ganglia. Postganglionic autonomic neurons are derived from ______ ______ cells.

A

Neural crest

67
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers have several options –

  • Ascend or descend within the sympathetic chain to more anterior (cranial) or more posterior (caudal) ganglia and synapse with postganglionic neurons.
  • Synapse immediately with __________ neurons.
  • Pass to more peripheral collateral ganglia to synapse with postganglionic neurons.
A

Postganglionic

68
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic motor neurons are not ________ and may extend directly from collateral ganglia to target organs.

A

Myelinated

69
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic motor neurons may reenter the ventral root of the spinal nerve through…

A

Gray ramus communicans

70
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons levels of origin include _______, _______, and _______.

A

Midbrain
Hindbrain
S2-S4

71
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons in cranial regions are associated with cranial nerves…

A

III
VII
IX
X

72
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons have axons that are typically long and synapse with postganglionic neurons within _______ in or near the walls of the target organs.

A

Plexuses

73
Q

The _____ _____ may have considerable influence in the migratory and mitotic activity of parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons.

A

Gut wall

74
Q

______ determine whether migrating neural crest cells differentiate into autonomic neurons or other neural crest derivatives.

A

BMPs

75
Q

The shift of determined autonomic neurons into sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons is due to a multitude of _______ _______.

A

Transcription factors

76
Q

The shift of determined autonomic neurons into sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons also involves selecting the specific type of neurotransmitter to be used. Sympathetic cells are typically ________ and parasympathetic cells are typically _________.

A

Adrenergic

Cholinergic

Embryology (11 decks)

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