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Embryology > Lecture 11 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 11 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The initial signaling for endoderm formation occurs during…

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

Signaling for endoderm formation depends on _______ expression during gastrulation.

A

Nodal

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3
Q

Signaling for endoderm formation during gastrulation contains an anterior-posterior gradient. There are higher levels of nodal (ANTERIORLY/POSTERIORLY) and lower levels of nodal plus the presence of FGF-4 (ANTERIORLY/POSTERIORLY).

A

Anteriorly

Posteriorly

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4
Q

The posterior gut expresses ______. This promotes hindgut development and suppresses formation of anterior gut structures.

A

Cdx-2

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5
Q

The anterior gut expresses…

A

Hex
Sox-2
Foxa-2

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6
Q

More refined differentiation of gut structures depends on _____ genes.

A

Hox

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7
Q

In the anterior intestinal portal, there is an expression of…

A

Shh

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8
Q

In the posterior intestinal portal, there is an expression of _____ followed by _____.

A

Shh

BMP-4

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9
Q

Both the __________ membrane and ________ plate are formed by endoderm and ectoderm with no intervening mesoderm. Instability created by lack of mesoderm results in perforations of these plates.

A

Oropharyngeal (Oral plate)

Cloacal

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10
Q

There are pockets created on the ectodermal sides of the oral and cloacal plates. The _________ is the future oral cavity, and the _________ is the future anal region.

A

Stomodeum

Proctodeum

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11
Q

During this week of the embryo, the length is 4 mm. Rudiments for most of the major organ systems are present (except limbs and kidneys). There are prominent pharyngeal arches and a Wolffian ridge.

A

4th week

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12
Q

This extraembyronic tissue is part of the inner cell mass and an epiblast derivative.

A

Amnion

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13
Q

This extraembryonic tissue is part of the inner cell mass and a hypoblast derivative.

A

Yolk sac

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14
Q

These extraembryonic tissues are part of the fetal maternal interface and are trophoblast derivatives.

A

Chorion

Placenta

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15
Q

This extraembryonic tissue is part of the inner cell mass and interfaces with placenta via the umbilical cord.

A

Allantois

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16
Q

The function of this extraembryonic tissue to accommodate growth, allow normal movements, buffer against mechanical injury, and protect the fetus from adhesions.

A

Amnion

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17
Q

What is the normal amount of amniotic fluid at term?

A

500-1000 mL

18
Q

This is the term for an excess amount of amniotic fluid (>2000 mL). It is related to multiple pregnancies, esophageal atresia (swallowing defects), and anencephaly (head defects).

A

Hydramnios

19
Q

This is the term for too little amniotic fluid (<500 mL). It is related to renal agenesis (absence of kidneys) and shows the importance of fetal urine contributions.

A

Oligohydramnios

20
Q

In phase I of the formation of amniotic fluid –

  • First _____ weeks of pregnancy
  • Free diffusion of _______ through fetal ectoderm
  • Maternal serum
  • Secretion by amniotic membrane
A

20

Electrolytes

21
Q

In phase II of the formation of amniotic fluid –

  • Contributions from fetal ______
  • Filtration from vessels associated with _____ _____
A

Urine

Chorion laevae

22
Q

What nutrients are concentrated in the yolk sac?

A

Folic acid
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin E

23
Q

This is the term used for when nutrients are concentrated in the yolk sac and absorbed by endocytosis before the placental circulation is established.

A

Histiotrophic nutrition

24
Q

The yolk sac is also the site of origin of ______ ______ cells and is the location of ______ ______, which are the origin of initial blood cells (extraembryonic hematopoiesis).

A

Primordial germ

Blood islands

25
Q

In a small percentage of adults, they contain traces of the yolk duct as a fibrous cord or outpouching of the small intestine. This is called…

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

26
Q

The allantoic (_______) vessels develop in the mesoderm of the allantois.

A

Umbilical

27
Q

The proximal part of the allantois is called the _______. It is associated with the formation of the urinary bladder and becomes the _______ _______ ligament.

A

Urachus

Median umbilical

28
Q

In this stage of placental development, there are no villi formed on the trophoblast.

A

Previllous embryo

29
Q

In this stage of placental development, solid, cytotrophoblastic, ectodermal primary villi appear.

A

Primary villous stage

30
Q

In this stage of placental development, the mesodermal core appears within the primary villi.

A

Secondary villous stage

31
Q

In this stage of placental development, it is characterized by the appearance of blood vessels within the mesenchymal core of the secondary villi.

A

Tertiary villous stage

32
Q

In the final stages in development of the placenta, there are cytotrophoblastic (SHELLS/COLUMNS) which go on to expand over the maternal decidual cells and form cytotrophoblastic (SHELLS/COLUMNS).

A

Columns

Shells

33
Q

In the final stages in development of the placenta, there are ________ villi which are anchored to the cytotrophoblastic shell (as opposed to floating villi).

A

Anchoring

34
Q

In the maternal blood flow pathway, the maternal blood enters intervillous spaces, called ________ _______, from _______ arteries.

A

Trophoblastic lacunae

Spiral

35
Q

In the maternal blood flow pathway, there is an exchange of materials (respiratory gasses, nutrients, waste products) between maternal blood in lacunae and fetal blood in ________ in the villi.

A

Capillaries

36
Q

In the maternal blood flow pathway, the maternal blood returns to maternal veins in the _______ _______.

A

Decidua basalis

37
Q

In the fetal blood flow pathway, fetal blood is entirely enclosed within _______.

A

Vessels

38
Q

In the fetal blood flow pathway, fetal blood travels to capillary beds within placental villi via ________ arteries (usually two).

A

Umbilical

39
Q

In the fetal blood flow pathway, fetal blood returns from capillary beds within placental villi via ________ vein (usually one).

A

Umbilical

40
Q

In the maternal-fetal blood flow pattern, there is usually (ONE/TWO) umbilical artery(ies), and (ONE/TWO) umbilical vein(s).

A

Two

One

Embryology (11 decks)

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