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Embryology > Lecture 14 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 14 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal tissue is _________ in origin.

A

Mesenchymal

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2
Q

Mesodermal sclerotomes (of somites) give rise to…

A

Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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3
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to…

A

Limb bones

Girdles

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4
Q

The head mesoderm gives rise to…

A

Calvaria

Base of skull

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5
Q

The neural crest gives rise to the _______ bones.

A

Facial

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6
Q

The ______ skeleton is a continuous interaction between apical ectodermal ridge and limb bud mesoderm.

A

Limb

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7
Q

The _______ _______ is an inductive interaction between sclerotome and notochord or neural tube.

A

Vertebral column

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8
Q

The _______ is an interaction between pre skeletal neural crest cells and information along migratory paths.

A

Head

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9
Q

The head has interactions between areas of the _______ and overlying mesenchyme.

A

Brain

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10
Q

For bone/cartilage differentiation, sometimes mesenchyme is induced to enter the common pathway. Production of _______ promote mesenchymal cell condensation. After they are condensed, ______ stimulates synthesis of _______ and _______. This makes the aggregated state of mesenchymal cells stabilized.

A

N-cadherins
TGF-B
Fibronectin
N-CAM

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11
Q

For bone/cartilage differentiation, after the common pathway, another pathway to be taken is the membranous bone pathway. This requires transcription factors _____ and _____. Mesenchymal cells are differentiated into ________.

A

Runx-2
Osx
Osteoblasts

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12
Q

For bone/cartilage differentiation, after the common pathway, another pathway to be taken is the permanent cartilage pathway. Mesenchymal condensation forms chondroblasts. ______ causes chondroblasts to secrete ________ and _______ matrix. ______ is continually expressed in permanent cartilage.

A

Sox-9
Collagen II
Cartilage
Sox-9

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13
Q

For bone/cartilage differentiation, after the common pathway, another pathway to be taken is the endochondral bone pathway. ______, ______, and ______ induce this cartilage to undergo hypertrophy. Hypertrophic cartilage cells secrete bone proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor.

A

Runx-2
ihh
BMP-6

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14
Q

In the endochondral bone pathway, invading blood vessels erode the hypertrophic cartilage and bring in _______ to replace cartilage with ______.

A

Osteoblasts

Bone

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15
Q

This part of a vertebra is derived from ventral and medial parts of paired sclerotomes.

A

Centrum

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16
Q

This part of a vertebra arise from dorsal regions of sclerotomes. These are related to spina bifida due to a failure of these to fully close.

A

Neural arches

17
Q

The proximal development of costal processes and ribs depend on expression of myotomic myogenic factors, _____ and _____. Distal development depends on _____ signals from somatopleural mesoderm.

A

Myf-5
Myf-6
BMP

18
Q

The fundamental regional characteristics of the vertebrae are specified by actions of discrete combinations of ______ genes.

A

Hox

19
Q

______ _____ can cause shifts in cranial or caudal levels in the overall segmental organization of the vertebrae if it is applied at specific developmental periods.

A

Retinoic acid

20
Q

For example, if administered early, retinoic acid results in a cranial shift (the last cervical vertebra is transformed into the first thoracic vertebra), and later administration causes a caudal shift (thoracic vertebrae extend into the levels of the first two lumbar vertebrae). Such shifts in level are called…

A

Homeotic transformations

21
Q

When single Hox genes are knocked out (MAJOR/MINOR) morphological effects are noted.

A

Minor

22
Q

When all members of a paralogous group are knocked out, a profound effect appears. For example, knockout of all ______ paralogues results in ribs forming on all the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. This suggests that ______ represses the influence of the more anterior Hox genes.

A

Hox10

23
Q

______ suppresses the influence of Hox10 and allows the sacrum to form. Without it, this could not occur.

A

Hox11

24
Q

A mutant of a single Hox gene is likely to produce a (MAJOR/MINOR) anatomical defect.

A

Minor

25
Q

This is derived from lateral plate mesoderm. It arises as a pair of cartilaginous bands that fuse and secondarily subdivide into craniocaudal elements.

A

Sternum

26
Q

This arises from the neural crest. It follows the intramembranous pathway and is one of the first bones to become ossified.

A

Clavicle

27
Q

The developing embryonic skull is composed of…

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
Occipital sclerotomes

28
Q

This is the part of the skull that surrounds the brain. It has a cartilaginous portion and a membranous portion.

A

Neurocranium

29
Q

The neurocranium base is formed from the chondrocranium (_________ part). It’s the origin of occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and parts of temporals.

A

Cartilaginous

30
Q

The neurocranium (CARTILAGINOUS/MEMBRANOUS) part is the origin of part of occipital, parietals, frontals, and part of temporals.

A

Membranous

31
Q

This surrounds the oral cavity and pharynx, and refers to pharyngeal arches. It also has a cartilaginous and membranous portion.

A

Viscerocranium

32
Q

The (MEMBRANOUS/CARTILAGINOUS) portion of the viscerocranium forms pharyngeal arch I (Meckel’s cartilage, malleus, incus) and pharyngeal arch II (Reichert’s cartilage, stapes, styloid).

A

Cartilaginous

33
Q

The (MEMBRANOUS/CARTILAGINOUS) portion of the viscerocranium forms part of temporal, zygomatic, maxillary, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, pterygoid plates, mandible, and tympanic ring.

A

Membranous

34
Q

The viscerocranium is mostly comprised of the branchial (pharyngeal) arches. The mesenchyme that forms the viscerocranium is mostly from neural crest. There are _____ pairs of pharyngeal arches.

A

Six

35
Q

Each pharyngeal arch consists of four components, which are…

A

Skeletal element
Muscles
A branch of a specific cranial nerve
Artery

36
Q

Intersection of more than two bones form…

A

Fontanelles

37
Q

In the fusion of sutures, the presence of _____ down regulates ______, which lets ______ close sutures.

A

FGF-2
Noggin
BMP

38
Q

In the fusion of sutures, the absence of _____ leads to more ______ and repressed _____, leaving sutures open.

A

FGF-2
Noggin
BMP

Embryology (11 decks)

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