LECTURE 16: cerebral cortex Flashcards
what part of the extremity are on the medial and lateral end of the homunculus
medial- LE
lateral - UE
the cerebral cortex is made up of ___ matter and mostly what 3 things
gray
- granular cells
- pryamidal cells
- interneurons
most cerebral cortex has __ layers of, except for which 2 cortices which only have 3
6
olfactory and medial temporal cortices
what is the order of the cortical layers in the cerebral cortex from superficial to deep
Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer
when was brodmann’s area defined
1909
when is the broadmann’s areas more helpful
during surgical techniques or research
what are the 5 functional categories of the cerebral cortex
primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
motor planning areas
primary motor cortex
association cortex
what is the function of the primary sensory cortex
differentiates intensitities/qualities of sensory info
which fuctional catergory in the cortex handles more complex sensory processing
secondary sensory cortex
what is the function of the motor planning areas
organization of movement
what is the function of the primary motor cortex
sends descending motor signals
what is the function of the association cortex
behaviors
interprets sensations
integrates emotions and memories
what are the 4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
somatosensory cortex
auditory cortex
visual cortex
vestibular cortex
which cortex is within the central sulcus and post central gyrus
somatosensory cortex
the auditory cortex is with in which fissure and which lobe
lateral fissures and superior temporal lobe
which cortex is within the calcarine sulcus and adjacent gyro
visual cortex
where is the vestibular cortex located within
within posterior end of lateral fissure in parieto- insular cortex
what are the 3 secondary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
somatosensory
auditory
visual
as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the somatosensory cortex analyze
info from primary sensory cortex and thalamus
as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the auditory cortex control
sounds heard from memories and categorizes them
as a secondary sensory area of the cerebral cortex what does the visual cortex analyze
color and movements
in the visual cortex of the secondary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex the projects to the ____ colliculus guides visual fixation keeping item in __ vision
superior
central
what are the 3 sensory neuron pathways to the cortex
DCML
spinothalamic tract
trigeminal lemniscus
what does the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) discriminate
shapes , textures and size
the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) receives info from ___ , projects to ___ and ___ areas and integrates info from 2 body halves , ___ ,___ and ____
S1
motor and limbic
attention , learning and memory
stereogonosis , tactile learning/ memory is part of which cortex
secondary somatosensory cortex
which cortex is secondary sensory and association cortex
posterior parietal cortex
the posterior parietal cortex receives projections from what
S1, S2 , visual systems , and others involved in attention and motivation
which cortex has the highest degree of convergent somatosensory info
posterior parietal cortex
what does the secondary auditory cortex classify as?
sounds
the primary auditory cortex receives info from the __ of both ears thru pathway that synapses in ____ colliculus and ___ ____ body (thalamus) then to the ___
cochlea
inferior
medial geniculate body
cortex
the vestibular cortex receives info about what thru what
about head position relative to gravity and head movement thru vestibular nuclei , ipsilaterally and contralterallt
some sources have the primary vestibular cortex in the ___ hemisphere, and some say its in both
right
the primary visual cortex is a pathway from the ___ to the ___ ___ body (thalamus) to the cortex
retina
lateral geniculate
which visual cortex Differentiates light/dark, shapes, locations, mvmts
primary
the secondary visual cortex does what
color and motions
the secondary visual cortex projects to what for visual fixation
superior colliculus
the action stream comes from what ? and then goes thru what ? and what does it adjust
comes form the secondary visual cortex dorsally thru the posterior parieto lobe to the frontal lobe
- adjust limb movements
the perception stream comes from what ? and then goes to what ? and what does it recognize
come From 2ndary visual cortex ventrally to temporal lobe
- Recognizing object
the action stream and the perception stream are apart of the ___ cortices and run ___ of each other
visual
independently
the parietotemporal association cortex deals with ___ and ___ ____
intelligence and problem solving
understanding of communication comes form which association cortices
parietotemporal association cortex
the parietotemporal association cortex constructs image of ___ ___ and ___ ___
own body and planning movements
which association cortices is invovled with self awareness and executive function
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
the ventral dorsal prefrontal association cortices involves __ and ____
mood and affect
the medial dorsal prefrontal association cortices perceives others ___ and makes ___ about what others believe and their intentions/personality/emotions/motivation
emotions
assumptions
which association cortices is for impulse control , reactions to surrounding and personality
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
cortices
the primary motor cortex is responsible for
execution
the primary motor cortex is a source of most neurons of the ___ tract
corticospinal
what does the primary motor cortex control
contralateral fractionated movements
what is the pre motor cortex invovled in
execution and planning
which motor cortex has 20-30% of corticospinal tract neurons, esp trunk and shldr girdle
pre motor cortex
the premotor cortex has ____ postural adjustments
anticipatory
what is the supplemental motor area responsible for
motor planning
movement initiation
planning biannual and sequential movements
what is the order of perception and action
primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
association cortex
motor planning areas
primary motor cortex
what is agnosias
having inability to recognize object (visual) and sounds (auditory) , despite having intact vision or hearing
what is a disorder of the ventral visual stream
visual agnosia (visual object agnosia)
what is prosopognosia
inability to recognize faces visually
what is a disorder of the secondary auditory cortex
auditory agnosia
what is anosagnosia
inability to recognize deficits
what is the disorder of the secondary somatosensory cortex
astereognosia
what is Astereognosia
cannot describe object in hand , even tho intact iwht light touch sensation
what is the disorder of the dorsal visual stream
optic ataxia
what is optic ataxia
inability to use visual info to direct movements
which part of the parietal cortex dominates control of attention
the right side
hemineglect - damage to PPC is the inability to ____ ___ ___ or even own body , in portion of space , despite fact that ____ ___ , __- ___ and ___ ability remain intact
attend to objects
visual acuity , somatic sensation and motor
if the primary motor cortex damage what will happen
loss of fractionated movements
weakness
dysarthria
if there is a lesion in the motor planning area what 2 areas will be damaged
supplementary motor area and premotor cortex
if lesion of supplementary motor area , what will the person show
hemiparesis/hemiplegia
is there is a lesion in the supplementary motor area the long term deficits are only in ___ ___ hand movements
anti phase
what is damaged if there is a lesion in the pre motor cortex
speed and automaticity of reaching/grapsing
movement sequences
postures and gait
when are outcomes worse for motor lesions
when premotor cortex is injured in addition to primary motor cortex than primary motor cortex alone
if there is damage to the inferior frontal gyrus which language center is injuried
bocas area
what is perseveration of motor planning areas
uncontrolled repetition of movement
what is apraxia /dyspraxia
motor planning deficits
what is ideational impairments of motor planning areas
inability to use objects appropriately , esp when sequence is necessary
what is ideomotor impairments of the motor planning areas
inability to develop movement sequence , esp to common or to mimic activity
if someone has a magnetic gait what does that mean
true apraxia
what are the 4 As for cerebral cortex disorders
aphasia
apraxia
agnosia
astereognosis
which neglect is more common
L side neglect from R hemisphere lesion
if someone has a R hemisphere lesion what side will be neglected ?
left
if someone has a L hemisphere lesion what side will be neglected ?
rigght side barley
more visual info comes from which side of the brain
right
