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NEURO FINAL > LECTURE 15: visual , auditory and vestibular systems > Flashcards

LECTURE 15: visual , auditory and vestibular systems Flashcards

1
Q

for the pupullary light reflex which CN had afferents and efferents

A

aff- CN 2
eff- CN 3

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2
Q

the lateral geniculate body is in which structure ?

A

thalamus

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3
Q

how mnay layers of tissues does the eye have? what are they ?

A

3
-sclera and cornea (front part)
- chorodi with blood vessel and ciliary body (front part)
- retina (innermost layer) with visual neurons

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4
Q

what part of the eye controls the amount of light that enters

A

pupil

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5
Q

what part of the eye accommodated for near objects

A

lens

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6
Q

the fovea of the eye has the highest visual ___ and smallest visual ___

A

acuity
field

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7
Q

the fovea can only see __ receptors

A

cone

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8
Q

what is the optic disc

A

blind spot

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9
Q

what is the jelly like fluid in the eye

A

vitreous humor

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10
Q

which layer of the retinal contains melanin to decrease background scatterning of light

A

outer pigmented layer

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11
Q

the inner neuronal layer of the retinal has ___ neurons chain responsible for ____

A

3
phototransduction

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12
Q

the inner neruonal layer of the retinal has photoreceptors that have graded membrane potentials… what are the 2

A

cone receptors (color)
rod receptors (B &W)

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13
Q

the inner neuronal layer of the retinal has ___ cells that transfer into to the ___ cells

A

bipolar
ganglion

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14
Q

what cells in the inner neuronal layer of the retinal generate action potentials as 1st order neruons

A

ganglion

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15
Q

what are the 2 inerneurons of the inner neuronal layer of the retinal

A

horizontal cells and amacrine cells

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16
Q

what cells are apart of the horizontal cells

A

photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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17
Q

what cells are apart of the amacrine cells?

A

bipolar and ganglion cells

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18
Q

what is it called when there is a relsease of NT by the photoreceptors that results in the generation of action potentials in the ganglion cells

A

phototransduction

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19
Q

which receptors have low light sensitivity , small receptive field and color vision (day)

A

cone

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20
Q

which receptors have hgih light sensitivity , large receptive field and black and white vision (night)

A

rod

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21
Q

what does the ganglion cells synapse with to transmit visual perception

A

optic nerve

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22
Q

in the central pathway of visual perception where is the 2nd order neuron cell body

A

in the lateral geniculate body inside of the thalamus

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23
Q

in the central pathway of visual perception the 2nd order neuron cell body going thru what

A

optic radiation and primary visual cortex

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24
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A

in occipital lobe along calcarine fissure

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25
Q

the cuneus / upper bank is responsible for what

A

lower quadrant of B eyes

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26
Q

the lingula / lower bank is responsible for what

A

upper quadrant of B eyes

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27
Q

the retinotopically organized has _ fovea region and _ peripheral refions of ipsi and contra visual hemifields

A

1 and 3

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28
Q

what kind of fibers does the optic nerve have

A

ipsi nasal and temporal nerve fibers

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29
Q

in the optic chiasm the ___ fibers cross to ___ side

A

nasal
contralateral

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30
Q

in the optic tract what = 1 hemi visual field

A

ipsilateral temporal nerve fibers and contralateral nasal nerve fibers

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31
Q

the L optic tract carries info from the ___ hemi visual field which consists of fibers from _ temporal hemi retina and _ nasal hemi retina

A

R
L
R

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32
Q

the R optic tract carries info from the ___ hemi visual field which consists of fibers from _ temporal hemi retina and _ nasal hemi retina

A

L
R
L

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33
Q

which tract has optic radiation

A

geniculocalcarine

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34
Q

what is the visual association cortex

A

higher order visual processing

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35
Q

in the visual association cortex the dorsal stream is in what cortex

A

parieto occipital

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36
Q

in the visual association cortex the ventral stream is in what cortex

A

occipito temporal cortex

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37
Q

in the visual association cortex the dorsal stream has to do w what

A

motion , high temporal resolution

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38
Q

in the visual association cortex the ventral stream has to do w what

A

perception of form , high spatial resolution and visulal acuity

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39
Q

what are the 3 things in the visual association cortex

A

dorsal stream
ventral stream
parallel channels

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40
Q

what are the neural pathways of the visual system

A

vision and reflex

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41
Q

what is the recognition and location of objects

A

vision

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42
Q

what are the 2 sensory processing

A

peripheral visual processing and central visual processing

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43
Q

what controls the size of pupil and curvature of lens

A

reflex

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44
Q

central visual processing is ___ visual image

A

contra

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45
Q

the entire visual field is the entire view seen by ___ ___ without moving the ___

A

both eyes
head

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46
Q

how is the visual image when projected onto the retina

A

inverted and reversed (L/R and up/down)

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47
Q

image from monocular zone projects only to ___ nasal hemi rentia, from ____ zone to portions of ___ hemi retinas

A

ipsilateral
binocular
bilateral

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48
Q

what are the 2 functional categories for eye movement motor control

A

stabilize gaze and directing gaze

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49
Q

which gaze is keeping eye position stable during head movements to keep environment from visually bouncing

A

stabilize gaze

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50
Q

what is the vestibulo- ocular reflex

A

action of vestibular info on eye position during fast head movements

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51
Q

what is optokinetic reflex

A

use of visual info to stabilize images during slow head movements

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52
Q

saccades and smooth pursuit are examples of what gaze

A

direct

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53
Q

movements of the eyes are either ___ or ___

A

conjugate or vergence

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54
Q

what movement is when both eyes move in same direction

A

conjugate

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55
Q

what are the 2 different type of vergence

A

convergence and divergence

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56
Q

what is convergence

A

b eyes move toward midline when target moves from far to near

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57
Q

what is divergence

A

both eyes move away from midline to shift gaze to distant object

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58
Q

what are ballistic, rapid eye movements

A

saccades

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59
Q

saccades allows us to ___ our visual field , ___ to focus attention on parts of scene that convey the most significant info

A

scan
pausing

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60
Q

saccades eye movements align ___ with particular part of the scene

A

fovea

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61
Q

saccades can have a velocity up to ___ degrees/sec

A

700

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62
Q

what is slower tracking movement of eyes

A

smooth pursuit

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63
Q

during smooth pursuit you keep moving object on ___

A

fovea

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64
Q

which eye movement has velocity up to 100 degrees/sec

A

smooth pursuit

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65
Q

which reflex is elicited by moving head

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex

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66
Q

optokinetic reflex is elicited by moving ____ ____

A

visual stimuli

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67
Q

during vestibulo -ocular reflex you are fixating on an object and moving head ___ to ___

A

side to side

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68
Q

during vestibulo -ocular reflex your eyes automatically move in ___ distance /speed but in ___ direction of head movement

A

same
opposite

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69
Q

which reflex keeps image of object at same place on retina

A

vestibulo ocular reflex

70
Q

during the optokinetic reflex it allows the eyes to do what

A

follow large objects in visual field

71
Q

which reflex adjusts eyes position during slow movements ( < 1 hz)

A

optokinetic reflex

72
Q

how many gaze centers are in the reticular formation of the brain stem

A

2

73
Q

what is considered the horizontal gaze center in the brain stem

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation

74
Q

the rostral interstitial nucleus in midbrain reticular formation is considered to be what

A

vertical gaze center

75
Q

what does the medial longitudinal fasciculus of the brainstem do for eye control

A

coordinates activations of both neural circuits

76
Q

which CN are associated with eye movements

A

3 (III)
4 (IV)
6 (VI)

77
Q

which N is for the vestibulo - ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex

A

vestibular

78
Q

what is the function of the forebrain for controlling the eye movements

A

initiating and accurately shifting eyes toward targets

79
Q

the frontal eye field of the forebrain does what

A

contalateral saccades and smooth pursuit

80
Q

the frontal eye field of the forebrain is connected with the ____ _____ directly and indirectly via the ___ ___

A

contralateral paramedian pontine recitular formation
- superior colliculus

81
Q

the parieto- occipital - temporal cortex of the forebrain does what to control eye movement

A

ispilateral smooth pursuit

82
Q

what are the 3 things that the parieto- occipital - temporal cortex is connected with

A

vestibular nucleu
cerebellum
paramedian pontine reticular formation

83
Q

lesions here can causes increase latency and reduces accuracy, frequency and velocity of saccades

A

superior colliculus (optic tectum)

84
Q

what does the basal ganglia do in the forebrain to control eye movements

A

proper initiation of eye movements

85
Q

what are the 2 loops in the basal ganglia for control of eye movements in the forebrain

A

oculomotor loop
prefrontal loop

86
Q

what in the forebrain does the correct execution of eye movements

A

cerebellum

87
Q

what tracts are in the cerebellum that control eye movements

A

vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum (vermis)

88
Q

what does homonymous mean

A

same part of visual field of B eyes

89
Q

what does anopsia/anopia mean

A

defect in visual field

90
Q

if you had a lesion to the R optic N what would the clinical implication be ?

A

loss of vision in the R eyey

91
Q

if you had a lesion to the optic chiasm what would the clinical implication be ?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia
(L temporal , R temporal)

92
Q

if you had a lesion to the R optic tract what would the clinical implication be ?

A

L homonymous hemianopsia
( L eye temporal and R eye nasal)

93
Q

if you had a lesion to the R meyer’s loop what would the clinical implication be ?

A

L superior homonymous quadrantanopsia
( L upper temporal , R upper nasal)

94
Q

if you had a lesion to the R V1 what would the clinical implication be ?

A

L homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

95
Q

the ear converts acoustic energy to __ __

A

action potentials

96
Q

which part of the ear transmits sound waves that vibrate the tympanic membrane

A

external ear

97
Q

what are the 3 ossicles and 2 muscles that are found in the middle ear

A

O: malleus , inus and stapes
M: tensor tympani (V3 - CN 5 third branch) and stapedius (CN VIII)

98
Q

the internal ear (bony labyrinth) contatins what 2 apparatus

A

auditory and vestibular

99
Q

what is included in the auditory apparatus of the internal ear

A

cochlea

100
Q

what is included in the vestibular apparatus of the internal ear

A

semicircular canals, utricle and saccule

101
Q

in the auditory apparatus the ___ is hallow , coiled structure filled with ____ - membranous labyrinth

A

cochlea
fluid

102
Q

in the auditory apparatus the ___ membrane vibrates in response to sound

A

basilar

103
Q

in the auditory apparatus the organ of ___ includes hair cells that get bent initiating ____ ____

A

Corti
mechaneoelectrical trasnfuction

104
Q

the auditory apparatus activates the ____ nerve of CN ___-

A

cochlear
VIII

105
Q

inthe mechanoelectrical trasnductiion of the eye …. the sound waves hit the ___ membrane causing ossicles to move which then causes the membrane at opening to ___ to move/vibrate , causing the fluid in the cochlear to move , causing the basilar membrane and embedded ___ cells to vibrate , causing hair cells to bend against the attached and immobile ____ membrane causing the hair cells to depolarize and activated the ____ nerve endings

A

tympanic
cochlea
fluid
hair
tectorial
cochlear

106
Q

what orients head and eyes towards sounds

A

auditory inputs

107
Q

auditory inputs raises over all activity of the ___

A

CNS

108
Q

what does the auditory inputs give a person

A

conscious awareness and understanding of sounds

109
Q

describe the bilateral ascending pathwyas of the major auditory pathways ?
where does ti start ?
medullar?
pons?
midbrain?
thalamus?
cortex?

A

starts in the cochlear and goes to the auditory N (CN VIII) and then going to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla and then to the superior olive in the pons then thru the nucleus of lateral lemniscus in the pons and reticular formation and then it goes thru the infeiror colliculi in the midbrain to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and finally to the primary auditory cortex inthe temporal lobe

110
Q

what info goes thru the superior colliculi

A

visual , auditory and somatosenosry

111
Q

in the major auditory pathways the sound localization is due to ____ arrangement

A

parallel

112
Q

the interaural time goes thru the ___ ___ ___ in the pons

A

medial superior olive

113
Q

the intersural intensity difference goes thru the ___ ___ ___ in the pons

A

lateral superior olive

114
Q

what carries out input integrative functions such as processing of sound frequencies and integration of cues for localizing sound in space

A

inferior colliculus

115
Q

____ from cochlea travel via auditory n to cohlear nucleus

A

afferents

116
Q

what is responsible for organized tonotopically , supporting basic auditory functions

A

primary auditory cortex

117
Q

what does the secondary auditory cortex do

A

compares sound with memories of sound to categorize them

118
Q

what does wernickes area do

A

imput in comprehending speech

119
Q

where is the wernickes area located

A

posterior ot the primary auditory cortex (left side of brain)

120
Q

the vestibular apparatus includes ___ semicircular canals , ___ otolithic organs and _____ labyrinth

A

3
2
membranous

121
Q

in the vestibular apparatus the 3 semicircular canals are arranged ___ to each other , each having a swelling called ___

A

perpendicularly
ampulla

122
Q

what are the 3 semicircular canals called in the vestibualr apparatus

A

anterior
posterior
horizontal

123
Q

what are the 2 otolothic organs of the vestibular apparatus called

A

utricle
saccule

124
Q

the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular apparatus is seperated from bony labyrinth by ___ ___

A

perilympth fluid

125
Q

the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular apparatus hollow and filled with ___ ___

A

endolymph fluid

126
Q

the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular apparatus have ___ receptor cells that blend with fluid movement

A

hair

127
Q

the semicircular canals each open at both end into the ___

A

utricle

128
Q

each semicircular canal has an ___ that contains a __ with supporting cells and sensory hair cells

A

ampulla
crista

129
Q

what is it called when the hair cells are embedded in gelatinous structure

A

cupula

130
Q

in the semicircular canals when the head is still what is happening to the hair cells

A

baseline rate of firing

131
Q

in the semicircular canals when the head starts or stops turning , the ___ and ___ cells bend causing increase/decrease in firing depending on the ___ of bending

A

cupula
hair
direction

132
Q

in the semicircular canals when the head is moving at a steady rate the hair cells in the ___ catch up to the head movement and return to ____ firing

A

endolymph
baseline

133
Q

the cupula of the semicircular canals is only active when

A

during acceleration/deceleration of rotational head movements

134
Q

in the semicircular canals the R and L work ___ and ____

A

reciprocally and simultaneously

135
Q

horizontal SCCs have same ____ of rotation and work as a ___ pair

A

axis
functional

136
Q

if signals coming from the semicircular canals are not reciprocal then what happens

A

impaired postural control , eye movments and /or nausea can occur

137
Q

___ and ___ are membranous sacs that respond to linear acceleration/deceleration and head position relative to gravity

A

utricle and saccule

138
Q

each urticle and saccule sac have a ___ which contains supporting cells and hair cells embedded in gelatinous mass with microscopic calcium carbonate crystals on top

A

macula

139
Q

___ movement of the head displaces the otoconia that then move ____ substance and ___ cells to stimulate or inhibit firing of neurons , depending of direction of movement

A

linear
gelatinous
hair

140
Q

____ apparatus contains sensory hair receptors that respond to head position relative to gravity and movements

A

vestibular

141
Q

the central vestibular system is made up of what

A

4 vestibular nuclei in B junction of pons and medulla

142
Q

the vestibulocerebellum receives vestibular input and impacts ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

postural control and eye movement

143
Q

the vestibulocerebellum has connections with what 4 things

A

vestibular aparatus , vestibular nuclei , inferior olive and spinal cord

144
Q

in the vestibulocerebellum the amount of muscular reflex responses is dependent on what

A

its processing of vestibular and visual input

145
Q

when there are vestibular disorders what is essential for adaptations in postural/balance systems

A

vestibulocerebellum

146
Q

the vestibulo-cervical reflex is a ___ pathway that deals with ___ adjustments of the ___ in response to activation of ____

A

descending
postural
head
semicircular cancal

147
Q

the vestibulo-cervical reflex goes to which tract and then which nucleus

A

medial vestibuluspinal tract to medial vestibular nucleus

148
Q

which reflex is a descending pathway that deals with postural and tone adjustments of the body

A

vestibulo-spinal reflex

149
Q

what tracts are apart of the vestibulo -spinal reflex

A

lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts and reticulospinal tract

150
Q

what is the bilateral connections to extraocular eye muscles and superior colliculus

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

151
Q

the vestibulocolic pathway goes to the CN ___ nucleus to affect the cervical muscles of postural control

A

XI (spinal assessory)

152
Q

if the descending pathway of the vestibular system is disrupted what will that result in

A

balance deficits with impacts movements abilities/control (mostly in low light and/or uneven surgace conditions

153
Q

the cerebello thalamocortical pathways is a ___ pathways in the ___ and ___ vestibular nuclei

A

ascending
lateral and superior

154
Q

what is the pathway of the cerebello thalamocortical pathway

A

to the lateral and superior vestibular nuclei (in the pons) to the thalamus and then near S1 facial area and posteroir parietal cortex

155
Q

the S1 face area and posterior parietal cortex is involved in ____ of body orientation in ____ space

A

perception
extapersonal

156
Q

if someone has a lesions in the R posterior parietal cortex what does that cause

A

altered perceptions of of personal and extrapersonal space

157
Q

where is the first order neuron cell in the vestibular pathways

A

vestibular ganglion (also called scarpas ganglion)

158
Q

where is the second order neuron found n the vestibular pathways

A

vestibular nuclei in the pons/medulla

159
Q

the second order neuron in the vestibular pathways also receives input from ____ cerebellum

A

ipsilateral

160
Q

____ is formed by descending axons of the 2nd order neurons in the vestibular pathway

A

VST (medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts)

161
Q

what is the function of the ipsilateral lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

tonic excitatory effects on extensors

162
Q

what is the function of the B medial VST

A

influences neck muscles and head movement

163
Q

when the visual cortex is more active then the vestibular cortex is ___

A

inhibited (vise versa)

164
Q

if you have angular accelerations of the head which receptors are on

A

semicircular canals

165
Q

when there is linear acceleration of the head or head position relative to gravity whcih receptors are on

A

saccule and utricle

166
Q

in the vestibular , auditory , or visual systems the disorders may affects what 5 things

A

receptors , CNs, brainstem nuclei , tracts within the CNS or associated cortical areas

167
Q

the central vestibular system can have ___ and/or __ disorders

A

peripheral
central

168
Q

vestibular and visual systesm are tightly linked for ____ ____ and ___ ___

A

postural control and eye movements

169
Q

vestibular and auditory systems are tightly lined due to what

A

geography and sharing the same CN

170
Q
A

NEURO FINAL (10 decks)

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