Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEURO FINAL > LECTURE 13: basal ganglia > Flashcards

LECTURE 13: basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

BG involved with not only motor control, but also what other 3 things

A

goal-directed actions, social behavior and emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

BG and cerebellum adjust motor tract activity via the ____ and have ___ direct contact with motor neurons

A

thalamus
no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

BG predicts outcomes of actions and then chooses/executes the plan by ____ competing movements and facilitating others

A

inhibiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the basal ganglia is deep brain nuclei that form what 5 things

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus , internus and externus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

caudate and putamen together form the ___

A

striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anterior junction of the putamen and caudate = ___ striatum

A

central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nucleus ___ = ventral striatum

A

accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the putamen and globus pallidus form ?

A

lentiform nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what nucleus is inferior to the thalamus and lateral to the hypothal

A

subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the only BG nucleus that is in the midbrain

A

substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inputs to the BG come from the ___ thru the ____ pathways

A

cerebrum
corticostriatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the NT that comes form the cerebrum thru the corticostriatal pathways

A

glutamate (excitatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inputs from the BG come from the cerebrum thru the corticostriatal pathways via what 3 things

A

striatum (caudate, putamen)
substantia nigra
subtahalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inputs from the BG come from the cerebrum thru the corticostriatal pathways via the striatum (caudate, putamen) ,substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the subtahalamic nucleus, the inputs goes thur the SNc to striatum thru ___ pathways

A

nigrostriatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what NT adjusts transmission in pathwyas between striatum and other BG nuclei

A

dopamine (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dopamine excitatory going to ___/___ pathway and ___ in indirect/No-Go motor pathway

A

direct/go
inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 2 other NT for afferents into BG ?

A

ACH (excit)
serotonin (inhib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

outputs from BG goes from ___ ___ ___ to the thalamus to the ___ and ____ ___

A

globus pallidus internus
cortex
reticular formation (reticulospinal tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

outs puts from the BG goes from the substantia nigra to the ___ colliculus and eye fields of ___ _____ and ___ tract

A

superior
premotor cortex
tectospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what NT comes from the outputs from the BG

A

GABA (inhbit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 2 motor loops of the basal ganglia circuitry

A

oculomotor loop and motor loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 loops of the non motor loops of the BG circuitry

A

goal directed behavior loop
social behavior loop
emotion loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what loops of the BG circuitry are dorsal striatal pathways

A

oculomotor loop
motor loop
goal directed behvior loop
social behavior loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which BG circuitry is part of the ventral striatal pathways

A

emotion loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which BG circuitry loop is part of the limbic channel

A

emotion loo[

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what channel is the goal directed behavior loop apart of

A

prefrontal channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what cortex is the goal directed behavior loop apart of

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the goal directed behavior loop in the BG comes from lateral prefrontal cortex to the ___ of the caudate whcih evaluated input for what 3 things ?

A

head
decision making, planning and picking actions most appropriate for the contect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

after the goal directed behavior loop goes to the head of the caudate where does it go ?

A

globus pallidus internus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

in the goal directed behavior loop what is responsible for linking the action chosen by the head of the caudate and performing selected movements

A

the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the deficits in the goal directed behavior loop (non motor loop)

A

decision making deficits (inattention , poor concentration , disorientation , poor short term mem, and distractibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

so what is the order of the goal directed behavior loop (non motor loop)

A

lateral prefrontal cortex > BG (head of caudate and GPI) > thalamus > back to the lateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what loop is the 2nd part of the prefrontal channel

A

social behavior loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which part of the cortex does the social behavior loop come from

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

in the social behavior loop the BG , the head of the caudate is aware of what 3 things

A

social cues regulates self-control, and determines relevant from irrelevant info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

in the social behavior loop , what is the output in the BG after it goes to the head of the caudate

A

substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the deficits for the social behavior loop

A

Impulsivity, indifference, easy to anger/become violent, risky behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the order of the social behavior loop

A

ventral prefrontal cortex > BG ( head of caudate > substantia nigra reticularis ) > thalamus > back to the ventral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what part of the cortex is the emotion loop

A

medial prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

in the emotion loop , when it hits the BG the ___ striatum is responsible for __ and ___ and ___ as a link between emotional , cognitive , and motor systems

A

ventral
emotions
motivation
works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

if someone has deficits for the emotional loop what would be imparied

A

reward seeking , addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

in the emotion loop a ___ ___ stroke will causes depression and dulling of emotions

A

L BG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the order of the emotional loop

A

medial prefrontal cortex > BG (ventral striatum_ > thalamus > back to medial prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what cortex does the oculomotor loop/channel come from

A

frontal and supplementary eye fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

for the oculomotor loop/channel (motor loop) , in the BG the ___ of the caudate decides about what 2 things

A

body
motions of the eyes and spatial attnetion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the oculomotor loop/channel is particularly the use of what 2 eye movements?

A

rapid eye movement ( saccades)
towards or away from an object ( reflexive prosaccades or antisaccades)

48
Q

what are the deficits for oculomotor loop/channel

A

poor saccadic eye mvmt

49
Q

what is the order of the oculomotor loop/channel

A

frontal and supplementary eye fields > BG ( body of caudate) > thalamus

50
Q

what cortex does the motor loop/channel come from

A

motor and premotor cortex

51
Q

what are the 2 structures in the BG that the motor loop/channel go thru

A

putamen and globus pallidus

52
Q

does the motor loop/channel go thru the caudate ?

A

no

53
Q

which loop/channel Regulates muscle contraction and force, multi-joint mvmts, and mvmt sequencing

A

motor loop/channel

54
Q

what is the order of the motor loop/channel

A

motor and premotor cortex > putamen (in BG) > globus pallidus (in BG) > thalamus

55
Q

disinhibition requires at least __ inhibitory neuron in series and __ target neuron

A

2
1

56
Q

___ neurons inhibit their ___ neurons

A

inhibitory
target

57
Q

when a 2nd inhibiotry neuron inhibits the 1st inhibiotry neuron what occurs ?

A

disinhibition

58
Q

when disinhibition occurs it allows what

A

excitatory activity in target neurons

59
Q

disinhibition is important for what

A

fine tuning of movement

60
Q

is disinhibition a small or big part of BG function

A

big

61
Q

for the motor loop what are the 3 internal pathways

A

stop
go
no-go

62
Q

the 3 internal pathways of the motor loop all converge on ___ as an output nucleus

A

globus padallis internus

63
Q

GPi inhibits ___ ___ whcih excites ___ motor areas and motor cortex excites motor neurons in the __ and ____

A

motor thalamus
cortical
SC and BS

64
Q

are all 3 internal pathways of the motor loop needed for normal movement ?

A

yes

65
Q

stop pathway is also termed what

A

hyperdirect pathways

66
Q

in the stop pathway there is a strong ___ from the cortex to the ____ nucleus with excites the ___

A

excitation
subthalamic
GPi

67
Q

in the stop pathway , what does the GPi inhibit

A

motor thalamus

68
Q

in the stop pathway , immediately prior to movement initiation , this pathway strongly ___ current motor programs to ___ irrelevant movements

A

inhibits
stop

69
Q

the go pathway is also termed what

A

the direct pathway

70
Q

activation of the go pathway does what to motor

A

disinhibits

71
Q

in the go pathway what inhibits GPi so it sends less inhibition (disinibition) to the motor thalamus

A

putamen

72
Q

in the go pathway the motor thalamus transmits toe cortical motor areas to ___ specific ___ neurons

A

stimulate
corticospinal

73
Q

no-go pathway is also termed ____ pathway

A

indirect

74
Q

in the no go pathway ___ inhibits ___ which then inhibits less (disinbition) of the ___ nucleus

A

putamen
GPe
subthalamic

75
Q

in the no go pathway the Putamen inhibits GPe which then inhibits less the
subthalamic nucleus and then the subthalamic nucleus excites ___

A

GPi

76
Q

in the no go pathway the GPi then has _____ ____ of the motor thalamus and then ___ motor output to cortical motor areas

A

increased inhibition
less

77
Q

what is the result of the no go pathway

A

inhibition of unwanted movements

78
Q

what is also known as spiny projection neurons

A

medium spiny neurons

79
Q

medium spiny neurons are special type of _____ inhibitory cells

A

GABAergic

80
Q

what type of neurons compose of 95% of neurons within the striatum

A

medium spiny neurons

81
Q

Putamens D1 and D2 receptors bind to ___-

A

dopamine

82
Q

D1 receptors binding to dopamine ____ inhibitory neurons in ____

A

excites
GPi

83
Q

___ receptors binding to dopamine inhibits neurons from putamen to ___ thus disinhibits that subthalamic nucleus and stimulates the __

A

D2
GPe
GPi

84
Q

which putamen receptor (D1/D2) compose the direct pathway (go)

A

D1

85
Q

which putamen receptor (D1/D2) compose the indirect pathway (No-go)

A

D2

86
Q

motor loop requires ___ from the substantia nigra compacta

A

dopamine

87
Q

____ , in normal quantities , regulates the tonic inhibition from GPi to motor thalamus , peduncleopontine nucleus and midbrain locomotor region depending on the motions desired

A

dopamine

88
Q

does the BG have nay direct output to motor neurons?

A

no

89
Q

motor loop regulates motor function thru how mnay pathways

A

3

90
Q

the voluntary muscle activity of the motor control of the BG going thru the motor ____ to the motor ___ cell bodies in the ___

A

thalamus
tract
cortex

91
Q

what 3 tracts does the voluntary muscle activity of the BG going thru

A

corticospinal
corticopontine
corticobrainstem

92
Q

the postural and proximal limb muscle activity of the motor contorl by the BG going thru the _____ nucleus in the ____ to the ____ tracts to spinal ___ nerevs

A

pedunculopontine
midbrain
reticulopsinal
motor

93
Q

walking pathway of the motor control by the BG going thru the ___ ___ region to the ___ tracts to stepping pattern generators

A

midbrain locomotor
reticulospinal

94
Q

Too much Bg inhibtiton of motor thalamus , pedunculopontine nucleus , and midbrain locomotor region causes ___

A

hypokinesia

95
Q

what is examples of hypokinetic disorders

A

parkinsons disease
atypical parkinsonisms
sceondary parkinsonism

96
Q

what is the most common BG disorder

A

parkinsons

97
Q

to little inhibition of the BG causes ___

A

hyperkinesia

98
Q

what are 4 examples of hyperkinetic disorders

A

huntingtons disease /chorea
dystonia
tourette’s disorder
dyskinetic cerebral palsy

99
Q

if someone has parkinsons diease the decreased dopamine from ___ is the primary changes leading to what

A

SN
leading to excessive activity of Gpi

100
Q

is parkinsons disease a progressive neurodegenerative disease ?

A

yes

101
Q

what are the 2 subtype symptoms of parkinsons disease ?

A

postural instability gait difficulty and tremor dominant subtype

102
Q

what are the postural instability gait difficulty examples for someone with parkinsons

A

bradykinesia
poverty of movement (hypokineisa)
muscle rigidity
postural instability
autonomic dysfucntion
cognitive dysfunction

103
Q

what disease is autosomal dominant hereditary disorder and causes cortical and striatum (esp putamen) progressive degeneration

A

huntingtons disease / chorea

104
Q

in huntingtons disease there is 90% loss of subset of ___ inhibitory neurons in putamen and caudate so less input to ___

A

GABAergic
GPe (indirect/no-go pathway)

105
Q

loss of excitatory output of subthalamc nucleus to GPi causing ballistic ____ movements of limbs called ___ ___ movements:

A

inovuluntary
chorei form

106
Q

what are chorei form movements

A

involuntary , continuous movement of the body

107
Q

huntingtons disease/chorea includes ___, ___ ,and ___ deterioration

A

motor
swallowing
cognitive

108
Q

huntingtons disease causes thalamic neurons to fire randomly and inappropriately causing what

A

causing the motor cortex to execute motor programs with no control by patient

109
Q

what is Genetic, typically nonprogressive, movement disorder characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions, causing abnormal posture, twisting and repetitive movements

A

dystonia

110
Q

dystonia often ___ during activity and/or emotional stress

A

increases

111
Q

T/F: dystonia does not vanish during sleep

A

F (it does)

112
Q

are tremors associated with dystonia ?

A

no

113
Q

examples of focal dystonias include what

A

writers or musicians cramp, cervical dystonia

114
Q

generalized dystonias can be ___, including ___ and ___ , interfering with walking and other functions

A

progressive
limbs and trunk

115
Q
A
116
Q
A

NEURO FINAL (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions