Lecture 16: Blood

Question 1

What are the cellular components of blood? Plasma components?

Answer 1

Cellular: RBCs, WBCs, Platelets Plasma: Liquid portion, water, proteins, organic compounds, salts

Question 2

What is the difference vs “Plasma” and “Serum” in a clinical setting?

Answer 2

Plasma has anticoagulants in the tube, whereas serum does not

Question 3

What is the lifespan for a normal RBC?

Answer 3

120 days

Question 4

What do RBCs lack?

Answer 4

Nuclei / Organelles

Question 5

What integral membrane proteins are found on RBCs?

Answer 5

Ion Channels Antigenic sites for ABO type

Question 6

What peripheral proteins are found on RBCs?

Answer 6

Inner Membrane Anchor

Question 7

What does spectrin bind to in the RBC?

Answer 7

Actin or Ankyrin

Question 8

How does spherocytosis occur?

Answer 8

RBCs for lobes from damage, phagocytized (sp?)

Question 9

How are Myeloid cells differentiated? What are their categories?

Answer 9

Nuclear and cytoplasmic granule qualities Neutrophils (Polys, PMNs), Monocytes, Eosinphils, Basophils

Question 10

What do monocytes become?

Answer 10

Macrophages

Question 11

What are the Lympoid Cells?

Answer 11

B/T Cells, Natural Killer Cells

Question 12

What are the granule cells?

Answer 12

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 13

What are the agranular cells?

Answer 13

Monocytes (usually), T/B Lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells

Question 14

What is the primary function of neutrophils? Secondary? What is their nuclear structure?

Answer 14

Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase – toxic to bacteria Secondary, role in variety of digestive enzymes 3-5 segmented lobes

Question 15

How do neutrophils phagocytize bacteria? What is a common example of neutrophils?

Answer 15

Pseudopodia Pus

Question 16

How long to neutrophils live?

Answer 16

6-8 hrs in blood, few days in tissues

Question 17

When are eosinophils primarily seen?

Answer 17

Allergies or Parasitic Infections

Question 18

What is the general appearance of eosinophils?

Answer 18

Bilobed nucleus, salmon/pink staining, crystalline granules

Question 19

What is the general purpose of basophils? Are they common? Size comparison? What situations might you see their presence? What can they produce?

Answer 19

Assist in mediating allergic reactions in tissues; no least common–but largest WBC Anaphylaxis; Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions Histamine and Heparin

Question 20

What is the general purpose / structure of Lymphocytes? How do you distinguish two types?

Answer 20

Agranular, thin rim of pale cytoplasm. Life span few days to years. You can not by visual inspection.

Question 21

T Cells

Answer 21

Cell Mediated Immunity

Question 22

B Cells

Answer 22

Humoral Immunity, differentiate into plasma cells

Question 23

What is the general purpose/structure of monocytes?

Answer 23

Usually agranular, w/kidney or oval shaped nucleus–phagocytic cell. Precursor to macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia

Question 24

What is the source of platelets?

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

Question 25

Where does the majority of blood making occur before birth?

Answer 25

Yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 26

Where does majority of blood making occur after birth?

Answer 26

Bone marror of tibia, femur, vertebra, sternum, rib

Question 27

Stem Cells have the ability to what?

Answer 27

Self replicate DNA without division

Question 28

Where do myeloid cells reside?

Answer 28

Bone Marrow

Question 29

Where do lympoid progenitor cells migrate to?

Answer 29

Thymus or spleen, lymph nodes

Question 30

What does cell growth depend on?

Answer 30

growth factors and cytokines

Question 31

Why is the spleen/liver bad for adult blood production?

Answer 31

Micro environment does not suit function

Question 32

What are the characteristics of stem cells?

Answer 32

Can become any cell Non Functioning Not Mitotic (low in numbers)

Question 33

What are the functions of mature cells?

Answer 33

Fully differentiated Not self renewing

Question 34

What is the red portion of bone marrow? Yellow? Where is a sample commonly drawn in clinic?

Answer 34

Red = Active, Cells Yellow = Inactive, Fat Hip bone

Question 35

What does inactive bone marrow have the potential to do?

Answer 35

Become activated in times of stress

Question 36

How long does Erythropoiesis take?

Answer 36

1 week w/about 3-5 cell division

Question 37

What is the growth factor for erythropoiesis?

Answer 37

Erythropoeietin (produced by kidney)

Question 38

What gives developing RBCs their blue color?

Answer 38

Polyribosomes

Question 39

What is abundant early in an RBC life? Later? Why this change?

Answer 39

RNA Hb RNA abundant to make Hb

Question 40

How long does granulopoiesis take? What is the growth factor?

Answer 40

2 weeks GCSF

Question 41

What stage can you differentiate between WBCs?

Answer 41

Myelocyte

Question 42

When does is a Meta considered a Band?

Answer 42

When nuclear indent is 1/2 Diameter

Question 43

What WBCs can you expect to see in the peripheral blood in a NORMAL patient?

Answer 43

Mature cell or band

Question 44

If your percent is X% WBC in blood, what is % in bone marrow?

Answer 44

X%

Question 45

As cells become differentiated what is the relationship b/t the nucleus and cytoplasm?

Answer 45

Nucleus shrinks, cytoplasm grows

Question 46

What are the two "compartments" for WBCs? How do they exist? Can their relationship change?

Answer 46

Marginating Cells and Circulating Cells Homeostatis Yes, in the case of an infection they can shift to circulating cells

Question 47

Where does the final differentiation occur for monocytes?

Answer 47

Occurs in tissue after monocyte migrates from blood

Question 48

What is a megakaryoblast? Can they divide? Growth factor?

Answer 48

Large cell w/single lobulated nucleus, largest cell in bone marrow DNA replication without division, gives rise ro polyploid megakaryote Thrombopoietin - growth factor

Question 49

What is the source of platelets?

Answer 49

Swolle extensions of the megakaryocyte cytoplasm

Question 50

Where do T-Cells mature?

Answer 50

Thymus, migrate to lymph and spleen

Question 51

Where do B-Cells mature? What else can these mature into?

Answer 51

Marrow, migrate to lymph and spleen Plasma cells w/antibody secretion, or memory cells

Question 52

Where does antigen presentation and immunity occur?

Answer 52

Spleen

Question 53

Answer 53

Monocyte Final differentiation occurs in tissue after migrating from blood Differentiate into variety of cells -- including Macrophage

Question 54

Answer 54

Lymphocyte Agranular T / B Cells

Question 55

Answer 55

Basophil Granule Enzyme: Histamine / Heparin Mediating allergic reactions to tissues; Anaphylaxis / Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions MINOR Component in Peripheral Blood

Question 56

Answer 56

Eosinophils Granules: Major Basic Protein Allergic Reactions and Parasitic Reactions

Question 57

Answer 57

Neutrophil Granules: Lysozyme / Myeloperoxidase Can survive anaerobic environments Destroys bacteria Pus