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Biochem Final > Lecture 15 - Triacylglycerol Formation > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Triacylglycerol Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Most lipids stored in the body are….

A

triglycerides

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2
Q

what is a very important precursor for forming lipids?

A

phosphatidic acid

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3
Q

what are 3 important uses for cholesterol?

A
  1. Essential component of the plasma membrane
  2. Precursor to steroid hormones
  3. Intermediates in the cholesterol metabolism pathway are precursors to other cellular products (Ubiquinone)
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4
Q

Cholesterol metabolism requires…..

A

cytosolic acetyl-coA

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5
Q

3 acetyl-coA molecules join to form….

A

HMG-CoA

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6
Q

What is the rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol metabolism?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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7
Q

HMG-CoA reductase is a drug target for….

A

cholesterol-lowering drugs (the statins)

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8
Q

cholesterol can be _____ and packed into ____ particles

A

cholesterol can be ESTERIFIED and packaged into LIPOPROTEIN particles

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9
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

a large class of relatively short-lived molecules
(type of lipid_

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10
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from…

A

fatty acid arachidonate

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11
Q

What are some effects of Eicosanoids?

A

stimulate smooth muscle contraction which causes pain and clotting

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12
Q

a pain killer would block the conversion of ___ to ____

A

arachidonate to an eicosanoid

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13
Q

sphingolipids are utilized where in the body?

A

the nervous system

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14
Q

Sphingolipids use _____ rather than ____ as a backbone

A

use serine rather than glycerol as a backbone

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15
Q

What are some functions of sphingolipids?

A

cell growth
cell migration
regulation of apoptosis

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16
Q

Give an example of a disease associated with sphingolipids?

A

Neiman-Pick
unable to degrade sphingolipids

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17
Q

In the FED state, dietary lipid is…..

A

packaged in lipoprotein chylomicron (ultimately stored in fat cells)

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18
Q

in the FED state, carbohydrates are stored as….

A

glycogen until max glycogen is formed - then carbohydrates are stored as fat

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19
Q

what is the major hormone involved while in the fed state?

A

insulin

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20
Q

what does insulin do while in the fed state?

A

stimulates fatty acid synthesis of liver and fat cells. Favors triglyceride formation

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21
Q

In the fasted state, what is produced — fatty acids or triglyceride?

A

fatty acids are produced by the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells

22
Q

what hormone stimulates the breakdown of triglyceride to fatty acids?

A

epinephrine

23
Q

In the fasted state, the liver takes up….

A

fatty acids

24
Q

in the fasted state, the liver takes up fatty acids and does what with them?

A

oxidizes them to carbon dioxide or partially oxidizes them to ketone bodies

25
Q

What is the role of fat cells?

A

synthesize, store, and release fat

26
Q

What is the role of muscle cells?

A

utilize fat and ketone bodies

27
Q

What is the role of the liver?
(4 things)

A

fat synthesis
VLDL secretion
fatty acid oxidation
ketone body synthesis

27
Q

What is the role of the liver?
(4 things)

A

fat synthesis
VLDL secretion
fatty acid oxidation
ketone body synthesis

28
Q

during feeding, what hormone becomes elevated?

A

insulin

29
Q

Glycogen is converted to _____

triglycerides converted to _______

A

glycogen converted to HEXOPHOSPHATE SUGAR

Triglycerides converted to FATTY ACIDS

30
Q

While fatty acid oxidation and ketone body formation are high, Molonyl-CoA levels are ______

A

high

31
Q

Malonyl-coA is a rate determining intermediate in…..

A

fatty acid synthesis

32
Q

When malonyl-CoA levels are low, what happens?

A

-the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation is lifted (so overall increased)

-Increased ketone body formation

33
Q

in the fasted state, what 2 hormones become elevated?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

34
Q

In the fasted state, Malonyl-CoA levels are______

A

LOW

35
Q

In the fasted state, epinephrine concentration in the blood is elevated. What does this cause?

A

Stimulated fat cells to release more fatty acids to the blood

stimulates the liver to produce ketone bodies

36
Q

What body part primarily uses glucose?

A

the brain

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis becomes critical in the ___ state

A

fasted

38
Q

If starvation continues, what will be broken down?

A

amino acids (not preferred)

39
Q

During exercise, what can you say about blood flow?

A

blood flow is shunted away from most tissues except for the MUSCLES and the BRAIN

40
Q

Name 3 things that occur biochemically during anaerobic exercise

A

-Muscle breaks down its glycogen stores
-glycogen phosphorylase is activated (causes glycogen to breakdown quicker)
-NO EFFECT ON LIPID METABOLISM

41
Q

The anaerobic state involves what kind of exercise?

A

intense exercise. Quick, small amounts of ATP are produced

42
Q

Name 3 things that happen biochemically during AEROBIC exercise

A

-increased epinephrine leads to fat cells releasing fatty acids
-fatty acids are then oxidized by muscle cells
-Malonyl-CoA concentration is lowered by AMP kinase activity and increased AMP concentration

43
Q

Which is more severe — Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes

A

type 1 is more severe

44
Q

explain why type 1 diabetes develops

A

pancreatic beta cells are impaired. Causes insufficient release of insulin
(ALMOST NO INSULIN PRODUCTION)

45
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes can lead to abnormally high levels of insulin because the body becomes insensitive to insulin. More insulin is needed to have the same effects

46
Q

explain 3 things that occur in type 1 diabetes that makes it so severe

A

-fatty acids are released from fat cells
-Ketone body levels are elevated (which can create strong osmotic pressure_
-Gluconeogenesis is increased

47
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin is given

48
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

metformin is given
-inhibits gluconeogenesis and activates muscle glucose uptake by the stimulation of AMP kinase

49
Q

What is a good treatment for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

EXERCISE - most likely to stimulate AMP kinase

Biochem Final (8 decks)

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