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Biochem Final > Lecture 11 - Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation involves 2 processes:

A

oxidation and phosphorylation

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2
Q

Oxidation involves…..

A

electron flow

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3
Q

phosphorylation involves….

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

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4
Q

The processes of oxidation and phosphorylation are _____

A

coupled

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5
Q

The _____mitochondrial membrane has characteristic ______

A

inner, infoldings

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6
Q

What do the infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane do?

A

they increase the membrane surface area

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7
Q

Only the _____ membrane of the mitochondria is critical for oxidative phosphorylation

A

inner

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8
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane has a high concentration of _____

A

proteins

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9
Q

Give some examples of the proteins contained in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

-exchangers such as the pyruvate transport

-protein complexes that conduct the flow of protons and electrons

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10
Q

Many ____ can be embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

proteins

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11
Q

Carriers for the electron transport chain can be divided into 3 groups:

A

molecules that carry electrons, protons, or both

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12
Q

Electron carriers are typically…..

A

metals such as iron and copper

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13
Q

The metals in the electron transport chain exist in a _____ form meaning what?

A

chelate meaning they contain a ligand bound to the central metal atom

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14
Q

Metals in the electron transport chain exist in a chelate form either as a ____ or ______

A

heme or a complex with sulfur (Fe-S complex)

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15
Q

Fe exists exclusively in the ____ oxidation state. However, in oxidative phosphorylation, it can change oxidation states between ___ and ____ so as to carry electrons

A

2+
2+ and 3+

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16
Q

Are hemes and sulfur complexes (Fe-S) redox reactive?

A

no

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17
Q

Carriers of protons are ____ and _____

A

acids and bases

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18
Q

The acid and the base are typically ___ residues and ____ residues

A

aspartyl residues and histidyl residues (also glutamate?)

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19
Q

Give examples of molecules that could carry BOTH electrons and protons?

A

NADH, QH2, FADH2, FMNH2

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20
Q

NADH transfers a ___ of ____ along with a _____

A

pair of electrons along with a proton

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21
Q

QH2 transfers electrons in ____ steps:

A

2 steps:

  1. Q accepts 1 electron to form a radical intermediate
  2. Second electron is added along with 2 protons to form QH2
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22
Q

Quinone as a radical is….

A

very reactive - not stable

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23
Q

_____ cofactors can transfer 1 or 2 electrons at a time

A

Flavin

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24
Q

Flavin cofactors can transfer 1 or 2 electrons at a time. Explain the 2 steps

A

1 electron - radical intermediate

2 electron- hydride ion transfer

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25
Q

There are _____ membrane bound complexes in oxidative phosphorylation

A

5

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26
Q

Between the 5 complexes, which 2 have a free energy value that is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis?

A

1 and 4

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27
Q

Which complex has the highest free energy value

A

2

28
Q

What is the inhibitor of complex 1?

A

Rotenone

29
Q

What is the inhibitor for complex 2?

A

Malonate

30
Q

What is the inhibitor for complex 3?

A

Antimycin A

31
Q

What is the inhibitor of complex 4?

A

Cyanide

32
Q

Which inhibitor is competitive and what complex does it inhibit?

A

Malonate is a competitive inhibitor to complex 2.

33
Q

Write the major pathway for the sequence of electron flow

A

1—>Q—>3—>CytC—>4—>O2

34
Q

Write the minor pathway for the sequence of electron flow

A

2—>Q…>3…>cytC—>4—>O2

35
Q

Which 2 inhibitors are toxins and COMPLETELY block electron transport?

A

Antimycin and cyanide

36
Q

What happens to energy as it moves through the electron transport chain?

A

energy is gradually lowered and harvested by the various complexes

37
Q

What drives ATP synthesis?

A

The proton gradient built across the inner membrane

38
Q

Complex 1 is a _____. Give its official name

A

Complex 1 is a proton pump. Name = NADH-Q reductase

39
Q

Explain what Complex 1 does

A

Accepts electrons and protons from NADH as a hydride and donates electrons to Q. Pumps protons across the membrane

40
Q

Describe the STRUCTURE of complex 1

A

Composed of many subunits (45 protein chains) and contains FMN and several Fe-S proteins

41
Q

3 general portions of Complex 1:

A
  1. N module
  2. P-module
  3. Q-module
42
Q

Describe the N-module of complex 1

A

the input domain directly reacts with NADH

43
Q

Describe the P-module of complex 1

A

Protons are transported

44
Q

Describe the Q-module of complex 1

A

Reacts with Q

45
Q

(N-module, P-module, Q-module)
Which is in the inner matrix of the mitochondria?

A

N-module

46
Q

The P-module and Q-module are in the ___ of the mitochondria

A

embedded in the membrane

47
Q

What is the name of Complex 2

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

48
Q

Complex 3 involves a ____ mechanism

A

loop

49
Q

Complex 4 is ___ and ____

A

Pump and annihilation

50
Q

Complex 5 is….

A

F1F0 ATP Synthase

51
Q

Describe the structure and function of F1

A

Binds adenine. responsible for ATP synthesis. F1 sticks out in the matrix of the mitochondria

52
Q

Describe the structure and function of F0

A

F0 conducts protons through the membrane. It is anchored to the membrane

53
Q

F1F0 ATP synthase catalyzes…..

A

movement of protons from the cytosol to the matrix. Includes a passageway for protons and an active site for ATP synthesis

54
Q

The binding of ATP to complex 5 displays _____ cooperativity

A

negative

55
Q

However, in the case of enzymatic activity, as more ATP was bound, activity _____

A

increased

56
Q

ATP synthase involves 2 structural parts:

A

a rotor and a stator

57
Q

Which complex does NOT pump protons into the intermembrane space?

A

complex 2

58
Q

what is an electron carrier that always stays inside of the membrane?

A

Quinone (Q)

59
Q

Why does Q stay bound to the membrane?

A

It is hydrophobic

60
Q

Cytochrome C is very _____ and is similar in structure to _____

A

soluble, myoglobin

61
Q

Where is cytochrome C found?

A

in the inner membrane space

62
Q

Which electron carrier carries 1 electron at a time?

A

cytochrome C

63
Q

Can ATP permeate through the mitochondrial membrane?

A

NO. It leaves the mitochondria through a transmembrane transporter

64
Q

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP in the ______

A

matrix

65
Q

Where is the energy from for ATP synthase to make ATP (a high energy molecule)?

A

proton gradient

66
Q

What is done to generate this proton gradient?

A

electrons are oxidized

67
Q

Oxidation and phosphorylation are linked by….

A

proton gradient

Biochem Final (8 decks)

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