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Cog psych > Lecture 15: Language > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonemes

A

distinctive subset of all possible phones in a language

/t/ + /å/ + /k/ + /s/…

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

from the distinctive lexicon of morphemes

…take (content morpheme) + s (plural function morpheme)…

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3
Q

Words

A

From the distinctive vocabulary of words (It + takes + a + heap + of + sense + to + write +…)

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4
Q

Phrase

A

Noun phrase + verb phrase

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5
Q

Sentences

A

based on the language’s syntax - syntactical structure

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6
Q

Communicative

A

language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language

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7
Q

arbitrarily symbolic

A

language creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents: an idea, a thing, a process, a relationship, or a description

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8
Q

regularly structured

A

language has a structure; only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different arrangements yield different meanings

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9
Q

generative, productive

A

within the limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce novel utterances

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10
Q

dynamic

A

languages constantly evolve

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11
Q

The hierarchy of language (from top to bottom)

A

sentence, phrase, word, morpheme, phoneme

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12
Q

How many phonemes are there in English?

A

about 40

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13
Q

What is the smallest unit of sound that signals meaning?

A

morpheme (prefixes, suffixes, roots, or stems)

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14
Q

Adults know about ______ morphemes

A

50-80,000

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15
Q

Syntax

A

rules that determine word order

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16
Q

How can phonological inflections help?

A

they can distinguish meanings from phrases of which words can convey different messages

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17
Q

Ambiguity

A

results when the same wording corresponds to more than one meaning

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18
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

word has 2 different meanings

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19
Q

Syntactic ambiguity

A

words can be grouped together into more than one phrase structure
(they are (cooking apples))

20
Q

How we process language

A

hear sounds, identify phonemes, morphemes, and words and figure out the sentence context

21
Q

McGurk effect

A

something can sound like another word when you don’t see the person saying it. (think of the youtube video of ba ba ba/da da da)

22
Q

Language processing is P_____

A

predictive

23
Q

Predictability affects ______ time in reading

A

fixation

24
Q

What can you see on an EEG with word predictability?

A

you can see the extra processing (for words you didn’t expect to be there)

25
Q

______ is an ERP response to unexpected words

A

N400

26
Q

Lexical access

A

accessing word meaning

27
Q

lexicon

A

mental dictionary

28
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses for “When does context have its effects”?

A
  1. Get ALL word meanings from lexicon, context operates later
  2. Context allows you to get only the CORRECT word meaning from the lexicon
29
Q

What was Swinney’s evidence?

A

all word meanings are accessed initially

30
Q

What was Swinney’s experiment?

A

Subjects heard a sentence, and were shown words or non-words on a screen and had to do a lexical decision task; faster to decide if something is a word

31
Q

What happens to priming after time passes

A

only a relevant meaning is primed

32
Q

Reading

A

involves perception, language, memory, thinking, and intelligence

33
Q

Orthography

A

sounds are mapped onto a set of written symbols

34
Q

ideographic languages

A

words/morphemes are mapped with a pictorial symbol (Chinese)

35
Q

syllabic

A

syllables are associated with visual representation (Japanese syllabic symbols)

36
Q

alphabetic

A

each letter (grapheme) is supposed to represent a phoneme

37
Q

consonantal scripts

A

not all sounds are represented, vowels aren’t written down at all (Hebrew)

38
Q

What is the ratio of grapheme-phoneme in transparent languages?

A

there’s a 1:1 ratio (Italian)

39
Q

What is the ratio of grapheme-phoneme in opaque languages?

A

1:many directions (english)

Sometimes it’s hard to plough through the tough dough …

40
Q

What is alphabetic reading?

A

mapping from graphemes to phonemes (the sounds in words)

41
Q

Regular spelling-to-sounds correspondence:

A

graphemes map onto phonemes in a regular way; no special knowledge about the word needed to pronounce it

42
Q

Regular words

A

all the graphemes have the standard pronunciation

43
Q

pseudowords

A

pronounceable strings of letters that have never been seen before

44
Q

irregular spelling to sound

A

graphemes don’t map onto phonemes in a regular way

45
Q

Developmental dyslexia

A

difficulty in learning and reading, poor phonological awareness, short term memory impairments

46
Q

Phonological awareness

A

phonological awareness increases as one learns to read; a central concept in reading

Cog psych (7 decks)

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