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SAMS 1 > Lecture 15: Canine and Feline colorectal disease > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Canine and Feline colorectal disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define dyschezia

A

difficulty or pain while defecating

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2
Q

define hematochezia

A

bright red blood in stool

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3
Q

define melena

A

dark, black, tarry stool, contains partially digested blood

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4
Q

define tenesmus

A

straining to defecate

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5
Q

t or f: tenesmus is typically from constipation

A

false

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6
Q

what parts of the intestines are source of hemtochezia

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anus

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7
Q

if stool is normal with streaks of frank blood suggestive of __

A

anorectal lesion

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8
Q

what is tx for hematochezia

A

bland diet, fiber, probiotics, +/- deworm

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9
Q

what type of diarrhea is present with hematochezia

A

large to mixed bowel

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10
Q

hematochezia may be due to __ or __ and therefore may not be emergency

A

colonic mucosal irritation, dysbiosis

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11
Q

What are some signs of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome

A

sudden onset bloody diarrhea, +/- vomiting, abdominal discomfort

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12
Q

what lab work finding is consistent with AHDS

A

hemoconcentration: PCV >60% with normal TS

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13
Q

what are some potential causes of AHDS

A

Clostridium, hypersensivity, dysbiosis

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14
Q

what must you rule out in puppies with bloody diarrhea that isn’t AHDS

A

parvo

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15
Q

AHDS can lead to severe __

A

hypovolemic shock

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16
Q

how do you dx AHDS

A
  1. PCV >60%, TS normal
  2. Fecal PCR
  3. Leukogram changes- stress- lymphopenia +/- neutrophilia
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17
Q

if the leukogram changes in suspected AHDS are more than stress there is concern for __, __ and __

A

enteropathogenic bacterial infection, bacterial translocation, sepsis

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18
Q

if there is neutropenia in suspected AHDS what must you rule out

A

parvo

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19
Q

if there is no stress leukogram in suspected AHDS but there is a lymphocytosis and eosinophilia must rule out __

A

addisons

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20
Q

what is tx for AHDS

A
  1. Fluids
  2. Abx if fever, leukocytosis, increased total bilirubin
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21
Q

if there is effusion or peripheral edema with suspected AHDS what two tests can you run to rule out other diseases

A
  1. UPC to rule out PLN
  2. Bile acids to rule out liver disease
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22
Q

t or f: melena is a colorectal disease

A

false

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23
Q

what does melena indicate

A

upper GI bleed (most common)

Oral, nasal, esophageal, or respiratory bleed

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24
Q

what are some CBC/chem findings associated with melena

A

CBC: microcytic, hypochromic- iron deficiency

Chem: low albumin, globulins, cholesterol, increase BUN, normal creatinine

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25
what are some ddx for Melena
1. Oral or nasal mass 2. Esophageal mass/FB 3. Gastric or SI FB 4. Gastric neoplasia 5. Gastric ulceration 6. Small intestinal neoplasia 7. Severe IBD 8. Coagulopathies 9. PSS
26
what is max dose of pred for dog/day
60mg/dog/day
27
Exceeding 60mg/dog/day of pred greatly increases risk for __
GI bleed
28
what is max dose of dexamethasone/day/dog
6mg
29
what is tx for GI bleeding
1. Omeprazole 2. Sucralfate 3. Bland diet
30
what is pathogenesis for steroid induced ulceration
1. Increased gastrin and parietal cell hyperplasia 2. Decreased mucus synthesis 3. Inhibits arachidonic acid pathway and PG synthesis
31
giving steroids with concurrent __ could help prevent increased gastric acid secertion
PPI
32
what are some adverse effects of chronic omeprazole tx
1. Drug interactions: anti fungals, mycophenolate, clopidogrel 2. Increased gastrin levels leading to gastric hypertrophy 3. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
33
which of the following biochemical findings is a common finding in dogs with AHDS: A. Lymphocytosis B. Anemia C. Hemoconcentration D. Hyperbilirubinemia
C. Hemoconcentration
34
which of the following biochemical findings should prompt parvovirus test in young dog with hematochezia A. Leukocytosis B. Neutropenia C. Hemoconcentration D. Anemia
B. Neutropenia
35
granulomatous colitis is characterized by infiltration of __ in colonic mucosa
macrophages
36
what bacteria commonly invades colonic mucosa in boxers leading to granulomatous colitis
E. Coli
37
how do you dx granulomatous colitis
1. Biopsy 2. Culture 3. FISH
38
what are some signs of granulomatous colitis in boxers
1. Large bowel diarrhea 2. Weight loss 3. Anemia 4. Hypoalbunemia
39
for granulomatous colitis __ treatment before definitive fix was associated with antimicrobials resistance and poor clinical outcome
enrofloxacin
40
Colorectal scope in dogs- what wrong
adenocarcinoma
41
what is most common colorectal neoplasia in dogs vs cats
dogs: adenocarcinoma Cats: lymphoma
42
what are some signs small cell lymphoma in cats
diffuse thickening of colon
43
What is dx and tx for small cell lymphoma in cats
dx: biopsy Tx: prednisolone, chlorambucil
44
what is dx and tx for large cell lymphoma
dx: FNA or biopsy Tx: chemotherapy (CHOP)
45
what is origin for gastrointestinal stromal tumor
intestinal cells of cajal (intestinal pacemaker)
46
where do gastrointestinal stromal tumors occur
cecum, SI, stomach (Rare)
47
what mutation is present in gastrointestinal stromal tumor
c-kit
48
what is tx and MST for gastrointestinal stromal tumor
tx: surgical resection +/- pallida MST: 18 months
49
older neutered dog, what wrong
prostatic carcinoma
50
prostatic enlargement from prostatic carcinoma can result in __, __ and __
tenesmus, colonic obstruction, urinary obstruction
51
what tumor is mineralization common in
prostatic neoplasia
52
What is dx and tx for prostatic carcinoma
dx: BRAF testing, prostatic wash, prostatic biopsy Tx: chemo, radiation, NSAIDS, stent if urethral obstruction
53
what benign lesion is this
rectal polyp
54
benign polyploid lesions often result in __ on __ stool
blood streaks on formed stool
55
t or f: rectal polyps are thought to be pre-cancerous- remove with good margins
true
56
what are some clinical signs of anal sac adenocarcinoma
tenesmus, ribbon like stools, constipation, PU/PD if hypercalcemia
57
what tumor commonly causes hypercalcemia
anal sac adenocarcinoma
58
where do anal sac adenocarcinoma a like to metastasize
sublumbar LN and thorax
59
what is tx for anal sac adenocarcinoma
surgical resection of primary tumor and SL LN if needed
60
what breed are perianal fistulas most common in
GSD
61
what are some signs of perianal fistulas
pain while defecating, tenesmus, licking
62
what type of disease are perianal fistulas
immune mediated disease
63
what is tx for perianal fistulas
steroids, cyclosporine, topical tacrolimus
64
t or f: surgery is not recommended for perianal fistulas
true
65
what wrong
perineal hernias
66
what are the causes of perineal hernias
1. weakening of pelvic muscles 2. Increased androgens in intact male dogs and cats
67
what is tx for perineal hernias
neutering and repairing pelvic diaphragm
68
define constipation
infrequent or difficult evacuation of dry feces
69
what is tx for constipation
miralax, psyllium, lactulose
70
what is in hospital tx for constipation
fluids, enemas
71
why never give OTC fleet enemas
hyperphosphatemia, hypernatremia, hypochloremic
72
what wrong and define
Obstipation- physically unable to defecate- require manual removal
73
what are some underlying conditions that can predispose to obstipation
idiopathic, hypercalcemia, CKD, diabetes, IBD, masses/strictures
74
what is tx for de-obstipation
1. Under GA with ET tube 2. Hydrate for 12-24hrs before 3. Consider go-lytely 4. Manual removal
75
what do you do if patient starts vomiting after giving go-lytely
stop CRI—> aspirate—> hypoxemia—> pulmonary edema
76
what rad finding indicates megacolon
colon: L5 ratio >1.6
77
what is tx for megacolon
1. Hydration 2. Diet modification 3. Cisapride 4. Intermittent enemas/ deobstipation 5. Surgery- colectomy

SAMS 1 (16 decks)

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