Lecture 1: cardio 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are some common examples of congenital heart disease in small breed dogs
A
- L-R PDA
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Aortic stenosis
- VSD
2
Q
what are some common examples of congenital heart disease in medium to large bulldogs, retrievers and newfoundlands
A
- Pulmonary stenosis
- subvalvular aortic stenosis
- Valvular aortic stenosis
- VSD
- Tricuspid valve dysplasia
3
Q
what are some common examples of acquired heart disease in small breed dogs
A
- Degenerative valvular disease
- DCM
- cor pulmonale
4
Q
what are some examples of acquired heart disease in medium to large bulldogs, retrievers, newfoundlands
A
- Degenerative valvular disease
- DCM
- Cor pulmonale
5
Q
how does the duration of cough differ in airway disease vs CHF
A
- Airway disease- chronic
- CHF- acute
6
Q
what does appetite indicate for patient with heart disease
A
stability of patient
7
Q
what cardiac diseases can gingival, prepuce/vulva cyanosis indicate
A
shunts
8
Q
what should CRT be
A
<2 seconds
9
Q
assessing jugular pulses can allow you to assess __
A
right atrial pressures
10
Q
what is normal right atrial pressure in dog/cat
A
0-5 mmHg
11
Q
what is normal location for jugular pulse
A
<1/3 up thoracic inlet up neck
12
Q
when do you assess jugular pulses
A
abdominal effusion/fluid
13
Q
what could abnormal jugular pulse tell us
A
abdominal effusion, pulmonary hypertension, pericardial effusion
14
Q
what is upstroke of pulse called
A
Ancrotic
15
Q
what does downstroke of pulse called
A
dicrotic
16
Q
what occurs in systolic phase of pulse
A
LV ejection
17
Q
what occurs in dicrotic notch of pulse phase
A
AV closure
18
Q
what occurs in diastolic phase of pulse phase
A
diastolic run off
19
Q
what is pulse pressure
A
pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
20
Q
what is normal femoral pulse
A
120/80mmHg
21
Q
a weak femoral pulse is <__% of systolic value
A
25%
22
Q
what are some causes of weak femoral pulses
A
hypotension, aortic stenosis
23
Q
is diastolic pressure low or high with bounding femoral pulses
A
low diastolic pressure
24
Q
what are some causes of bounding femoral pulses
A
- Diastolic run off
- PDA
- Aortic insufficiency
25
what are pulse deficits
difference between pulse and heart beat
26
what are some causes of pulse deficits
1. A-fib (weak)
2. PVC (absent)
27
what is pulsus paradoxus
change in pulse pressure during respiratory phases
28
how does pulse pressure change during inspiration
reduces
29
What condition is pulsus paradoxus exaggerated
cardiac tamponade
30
what frequencies do the diaphragm and bell of stethoscope detect
diaphragm: high frequencies
Bell: low frequencies
31
what is the location for valves on left side of heart. Which are apex vs base
Pulmonary- 3rd ICS
Aortic: 4th ICS space
Mitral: 5th ICS
Base: pulmonary and aortic
Apex: mitral
32
what is the location for valves on right side of heart and which are apex and base
aortic- 3rd ICS
Tricuspid: 5th ICS
Base: aortic
Apex: tricuspid
33
What is a gallop
extra heart sounds
34
what occurs in S1-S4
S1- AV closure
S2- SL closure
S3- ventricular filling
S4- atrial contraction
35
what valves are closed during S1
mitral and tricuspid
36
what valves are closed during S2
aortic and pulmonary
37
when is pulse palpable
between S1 and S2
38
what is normal HR for dog in hospital
60-160bpm
39
what is considered tachycardic for dog in hospital
>180bpm
40
what is average, bradycardia, and tachycardia HR for cat in hospital
normal: 190
Bradycardia: <160
Tachycardia: >240
41
where should you listen for accurate murmur grading
PMI
42
what valves located at base
SL- aortic and pulmonary
43
what valves located at apex
AV- mitral and tricuspid
44
what is grade 1 murmur
Faint murmur, continues into systole beyond first heart sound
45
what is grade 2 heart murmur
slight murmur, heart sounds louder than murmur. Isolated to on region
46
what is grade 3 heart murmur
moderate intensity, heart sounds heart, radiates to both sides of chest
47
what is grade 4 heart murmur
loud, no normal heart sounds detected
48
what is grade 5 heart murmur
very loud, palpable thrill
49
what is grade 6 heart murmur
loudest possible, murmur identified when remove stethoscope off chest
50
what is cardiac phase for AV murmurs
systole
51
in AV murmurs, murmur continues through what phases
S1 and S2
52
what is shape for AV murmurs
holosystolic or plateau shaped (same intensity throughout)
53
what are some acquired causes of AV plateau shaped murmur in dogs
1. DVD
2. DCM
54
what are some congenital causes of AV plateau shaped murmur in dogs
valve dysplasia- mitral and tricuspid
55
what are some causes of acquired AV plateau shaped murmurs in cats
DVD
56
what phase is SL valve murmur in
systole
57
what phases is SL valve murmur detected between
S1/S2
58
what is shape of SL valve murmur
ejection murmur (high intensity then dies out)
59
what are some causes of congenital SL valve ejection murmur in dogs
1. Aortic stenosis
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. VSD
60
what are some causes of acquired SL ejection murmur in cats
HCM
61
what are some caused of congenital SL ejection murmur in cats
1. Aortic stenosis
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. VSD
62
what valves are affected by diastolic murmurs
all 4
63
diastolic murmurs are detected between. __
S2 and S1
64
what are some causes of acquired diastolic murmurs in dogs
1. DVD/ endocarditis
2. Pulmonary hypertension/ HW (caval syndrome)
65
what are some causes of congenital diastolic murmur in dogs
1. Aortic stenosis
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. Mitral valve stenosis
4. Tricuspid valve stenosis
66
what are some causes of congenital diastolic murmurs in cats
1. Mitral valve stenosis
2. PDA
67
what are the most common causes of acquired murmurs in dogs
1. DVD
2. DCM
3. Flow murmurs
68
how is murmur intensity correlated to disease severity in DVD
louder the sound the greater the disease severity
69
is a DCM murmur loud or soft with poorest contraction
soft
70
what are the common causes of acquired feline murmurs
1. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
2. Dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
71
what are the causes of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats
1. Systolic anterior of the mitral valve (HOCM)
2. Innocent murmurs
72
do older or younger cats typically get dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstructions
older
73
are dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstructions in cats high or low velocity
high velocity
74
t or f: chest compressions in cats can induce murmurs
true
75
what is the correlation between murmur and disease in cats
not a strong correlation, most cats with a murmur do not have an underlying disease
76
Respiratory Sounds during inspiration are often CHF or pulmonary related
CHF
77
tachycardia or bradycardia indicative of CHF
tachycardia
78
what are some signs of cardiac disease in dogs
1. Inspiratory respiratory effort
2. Abdominal distention (fluid)
3. Pre-syncope/syncope
79
what are some signs of cardiac disease in cats
1. Tachypnea (abdominal effort)
2. Inappetence
3. Change in behavior
4. No coughing
80
what are the two types of myocardial failure
1. Systolic (contraction) failure
2. Diastolic (relaxation) failure
81
in CHF there is __ and __ retention
fluid and sodium
82
right or left CHF: increase venous pressures
right
83
what are some signs of right CHF, and which signs are specific to dogs
1. Abdominal cavity ascites
2. Pericardial effusion (dogs)
84
Right or left CHF: elevated left atrial and pulmonary pressures
left
85
what are some signs of left CHF and which signs are specific to cats
1. Pulmonary edema
2. Pleura/pericardial effusion (cats)
86
concentric hypertrophy is due to ___ overload
pressure
87
Is stenosis affiliated with concentric or eccentric hypertrophy
concentric (pressure)
88
eccentric hypertrophy os due to __overload
volume
89
is DCM or DVD associated with eccentric or concentric hypertrophy
eccentric
90
what is stage A heart failure
predisposed, no murmur, no therapy
91
what is stage B1 heart failure
Murmur, enlarged heart, therapy
92
what enlargements are seen with stage B1 heart failure
left ventricular dilation or left atrial enlargement only
93
What is stage B2 heart failure
murmur, enlarged heart, therapy
94
what stage of heart failure do you start meds
b2
95
what medication is given to Subclinical stage B2 heart failure
pimobendan
96
what medications are given to clinical/coughing stage B2 heart failure
antitussive therapy, low dose furosemide
97
what is stage C heart failure
congestive heart failure
98
what drugs are given to stage C heart failure patients
pimobendan, ACE inhibitors, furosemide, spirnolactone, diet, omeg-3 FA
99
what is stage D heart failure
refractory stage
