Lecture 15: Blood Flashcards
Describe the method of preparing peripheral blood smear.
1) Blood film preparation
- use of eosin/methylene blue (Romanovsky) as stain for blood smear
- Red = acytophilic blue = basophilic
Describe the basic components of blood
Hematocrit
1) Matrix = plasma (Majority)
- Proteins –> Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
- Water (Most)
2) Cells = WBC, RBC (Most), Platelets,
List the formed elements of blood.
1) Erythrocyes
2) Leukocytes
- Granular –>
- Neutrophil (Lysozyme)
- Eosinphils (Major basic protein)
- basophils (Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine)
- Agranular –> Monocytes, lymphocytes: T and B cells
3) Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Identify and describe the structure and function of erythrocytes
- RBC
- Carry hemoglobin = bloods red color
- Biconcave disk (Donut shaped) –> allows flexibility/inc cell surface
- No nucleus/organelles
- Stains w eosin
- 120 day lifespan
- Surface protein “antigen” (A, B, Rh+)
Define and identify anemia and polycythemia and thrombocytopenia
Anemia:
-Reduction in RBC (Sparse on slide)
Polycythemia:
-Increased number in RBC
Thrombocytopenia:
-Many platelets (Small fragments)
State the hereditary molecular defects in the erythrocyte cell membrane that leads to hereditary spherocytosis.
- Defects in genes that code for proteins of wall of RBC = spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and 4 proteins
- Causes spherical shaped of erythrocyte
Describe the genetic changes involved in the hemoglobin molecule resulting in thalassemia
-Decrease of Alpha or Beta chains –> cannot form tetramers = high [ ] toxic aggregates (Center concentrated and not pale)
Define and identify anisocytosis and poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis:
- Abnormal RBC = unequally sized
- Signifies anema/thalassemia
Poikilocytosis:
- Distorted shape of RBC
- Cause: Traumatic condition
1) Darocytes= teardrop
2) Schistocytes= Concave
Discuss sickle cell anemia and identify sickle cell erythrocytes in a peripheral smear
- Glutamic acid replaced by valine mutation
- Erythrocyes = sickled shaped (Worm like)-
List the components of azurophilic granules and their functions
1) Elastase
2) Collagenase
3) Myeloperoxidase
-Present in all leukocytes
Identify and describe the structure and function of:
Neutrophils
Neutrophil:
- Granulocyte (Azurophilic)
- 2-4 Lobes (Horseshoe shaped band cell =young)
- Barr Body (X-chromosome on nucleus)
- 1st/fastest response to bacteria: Lysozymes, defensin proteins, strong oxidants
(Acute bacterial infection)
Describe the white blood cell count and list the clinical conditions that may increase or decrease the cell count for each WBC.
Leukocytes = 6,000-10,000 (Normal)
1) Bacteria/virus = increase
State the life span of each formed element of blood
1) Erythrocyte:
- 120 days
2) Neutrophils
3-5 days
3) Eosinophils
(Not staeted)
4) Basophils
(Not stated)
5) Lymphocytes
- Long life span (T-cells)
- Variable life span (B-cells)
6) Monocytes
- Remains in blood for 3 days
7) Thrombocutes (Platelets):
- 5-9 days
Identify and describe the structure and function of thrombocytes
- Derived from bones marrow
- Very small
- Transforms into megakaryocytes –> undergoes cytoplamic fragments = platelet formation
- Granules
1) Alpha granules = clotting factors, cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts to repair damaged cells
2) Dense granules = ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor, & enzymes that produce thromboxane A2
-Functions: Looks out for blood vessel damage –> Blood clot formation (Hemostasis), clot plugs ruptured area of blood vessels, platelets cause retraction of clot to repair the wall, allows fibroblast/endothelial cells to come in and repair
Describe the role of platelets in hemostasis
- aka thrombocytes
- Monitor blood
- Blood clotting after blood vessel ruptures, helps repair by pulling on fibrin thread= clot retraction (Uses fibroblasts and endothelial cells for repair)
(Repairs injured tissue)
