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Medical Neuroscience > Lecture 15- Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
enteric

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic

Somatic

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3
Q

What are three differences between the autonomic and somatic nervous system?

A

Autonomic

  • 2 neurons b/t CNS and effector organ
  • innervates smooth, cardiac muscle and glands
  • either excitatory or inhibitory

Somatic

  • single neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle
  • innervates skeletal muscle
  • leads only to muscle contraction
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4
Q

What levels do the preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L3- thoracolumbar

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons found?

A

Intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons found?

A

brainstem and s2-4

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7
Q

Where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons project to?

A

the sympathetic chain and prevertebral ganglia before projecting to their targets

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons found?

A

in the walls of the target organs or in ganglia very close

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

III, VII, IX, X

Occulomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal

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10
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) project?

A

ciiary ganglion

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11
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the facial nerver (CN VII) project?

A

PPG/submaxillary (submandibular) ganglion

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12
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) project?

A

otic ganglia

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13
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers from the vagus (CN X) project?

A

innervate viscera in thoracic and abdominal cavities

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14
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers from S2-4 project?

A

pelvic viscera such as the colon bladder and genitalia

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15
Q

Which 3 organs have only sympathetic innervation compared to most organs that receive dual innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • sweat glands
  • adrenal medulla
  • peripheral blood vessels
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16
Q

What are the two most important neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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17
Q

What neurotransmitters is released by neurons in the somatic nervous system to innervate skeletal muscle? What receptor do they bind to on the skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine

Binds to N1 receptors

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18
Q

Where are N1 receptors found? What neurotransmitter binds to them?

A

found on skeletal muscle

acetylcholine binds to them

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19
Q

What does curare block?

A

N1 receptors on skeletal muscle-prevents acetylcholine binding thus inhibiting muscle contraction

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20
Q

What substance blocks N1 receptors on skeletal muscle?

A

curare

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter is released between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

N2 receptors- bind to acetylcholine

22
Q

Where are N2 receptors found? What substance blocks them?

A

Found on postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons…blocked by hexamethonium

23
Q

What substance blocks N2 receptors?

A

hexamethonium

24
Q

What does hexamethonium block?

A

N2 receptors found on the postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic cells…blocks communication between pre and post ganglionic cells

25
Q

What type of receptors are found in the adrenal medulla?

A

N2 receptors that bind to acetylcholine

26
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine (80%)

norepinephrine (20%)

27
Q

Where are muscarinc receptors found?

A 
blood vessels
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
sweat glands
28
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates muscarinic receptors?

A

acetycholine

29
Q

Which type of fibers used Ach to stimulate the muscarinic receptors on blood vessels and sweat glands?

A

sympathetic

30
Q

Which type of fibers use Ach to stimulate muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands?

A

parasympathetic

31
Q

Which type of fibers use norepinephrine to stimulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands?

A

sympathetic

32
Q

What does atopine block?

A

muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands that receive parasympatheic input via Ach

33
Q

What blocks the muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands?

A

atropine

34
Q

The adrenal medulla receives direct input from the preganglionic nerve fibers of the ____________ nervous system via ACh binding to _____ receptors.

A

sympathetic

N2

35
Q

Which type of ACh receptors are associated with the autonomic NS? somatic NS?

A

autonomic (Para and Synm)- N2, M

somatic- N1

36
Q

Would blocking N1 receptors with curare affect skeletal muscle activity? Would it affect smooth muscle activity?

A

It would affect skeletal muscle activity but not smooth muscle because they use N2 and M receptors

37
Q

What are the 4 types of NE receptors?

A

alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2

38
Q

What is the role of the alpha 1 NE receptor?

A

activation leads to contraction of smooth muscles and glands, stimulated by release of NE from postganglionic sympathetic fibers

39
Q

What is the role of the alpha 2 NE receptor?

A

autoreceptor that inhibits NE release

40
Q

What is the role of the adrenergic beta 1 receptor?

A

activation by release of NE from the postganglionic sympathetic cell causes increased heart rate and force of contraction

41
Q

What is the role of the adrenergic beta 2 receptor?

A

activation by release of NE from the postganglionic sympathetic cell causes relaxes GI tract smooth muscle

42
Q

What ANS division uses varicosties to release NT from postganglionic neurons?

A

sympathetic

43
Q

What enzyme converts dopamine to NE?

A

dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)

44
Q

How is DBH (dopamine beta-hydroxylase used as a measure of sympathetic activity?

A

It is often released in vesicles from postganglionic neurons along with NE and can be used to show how much NE is being release (i.e. how much sympathetic activity)

45
Q

Which receptors on the preganglionic memebrane acts to inhibit further release of NE from preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

alpha-2 receptors

46
Q

What four factors regulate release of NE from varicosities on the postganglionic sympathetic neuron?

A
  1. The flux of Calcium (determined by the rate of firing)
  2. Amount of NE available (DBH enzyme need for synthesis)
  3. Receptors of other NTs
  4. Autoreceptors- alpha 2 receptors
47
Q

What enzyme breaks down NE?

A

Monoamine oxidase in mitochondria (MAO)

48
Q

What are the three mechanisms of termination of NE action?

A
  1. re-uptake and MAO predown inside pre-synaptic cell
  2. diffusion
  3. Extra neuronal uptake and breakdown my MAO enzymes
49
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes NE? Which enzyme breaks it down?

A

synthesize- Dopamine Beta Hydroxalase (DBH)

breakdown- Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

50
Q

Can somatic neurons be inhibitory?

A

no- they are only excitatory

Medical Neuroscience (32 decks)

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