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Medical Neuroscience > Lecture 13- Brainstem 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Brainstem 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the metencephalon?

A

cerebellum and pons

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3
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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4
Q

What is the myelincephaon?

A

Medulla

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5
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

the core of the brainstem made of small nucleui and tracts

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6
Q

Where do norepinephric fibers to the cortex originate?

A

locus coeruleus

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7
Q

Where is the locus coeruleus found?

A

in the pontine reticular formation

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8
Q

Where do serotonergic fibers from the brainstem originate?

A

raphe nuclei

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9
Q

What are the external bulges caused by the nucleus cuneatus and gracilis called?

A

tuberculum gracilis and tuberculum cuneatus

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10
Q

Where is the olive seen on the exterior?

A

rostral medulla

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11
Q

What internal structure causes the lateral protusion called the olive found at the rostral medulla?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

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12
Q

Where do the pontine nuclei project?

A

to the cerebellum (pontocerebellar tract) via the middle cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

What fibers travel in the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

pontocerebellar fibers traveling from the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum

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14
Q

What is found on the dorsal side of the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi (the tectum)

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15
Q

What is found on the ventral side of the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles

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16
Q

What types of fibers are found in the cerebral peduncles?

A

descending motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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17
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

to relay somatosensory, visual and auditory information to the cortex

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18
Q

What type of information does the medial geniculate body/nucleus receive?

A

auditory fibers from the inferior colliculus

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19
Q

What type of information does the lateral geniculate body/nucleus receive?

A

visual from the superior colliculus

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20
Q

Where does the medial lemniscus terminate?

A

Ventral posterolateral Nucleus of the thalamus

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21
Q

Where does the Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) Nucleus receive information from?

A

somatosensory info from the face (trigeminal nerve)

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22
Q

What does the central canal of the spinal cord become in the medulla?

A

fourth ventricle

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23
Q

What passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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24
Q

How does CSF pass through the midbrain?

A

via the cerebral aqueduct

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25
Q

What does the fourth ventricle become in the midbrain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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26
Q

What are the 3 tracts associated with cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem?

A

Tractus Solitarius
Spinal (Descending Tract of V)
Mesencephalic Tract of V

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27
Q

What are the 3 cranial nerves associated with Tractus Solitarius?

A

VII- Facial
IX- Glossopharyngeal
X- Vagus

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28
Q

What are the 4 brain stem nuclei associated with the trigeminal nerve?

A

Motor Nucleus of V
Main Sensory Nucleus of V
Spinal (descending) Nucleus of V
Mesencephalic Nucleus of V

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29
Q

What is unique about the mesencephalic nucleus of V in comparison to the 3 other brain stem nuclei associated with CN V?

A

it is a 1st order nucleus where as the others are 2nd order nuclei receiving input from the trigeminal ganglion

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30
Q

What 3 brainstem nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of X
Ventral Motor Nucleus of X (Nucleus Ambiguus)
Nucleus of Tractus Solitarius

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31
Q

What muscle is controlled by the abducens nerve (VI)?

A

lateral rectus

32
Q

What muscle is controlled by the trochlear nucleus?

A

superior oblique muscle

33
Q

Which nuclei is associated with the function of the jaw muscles?

A

Motor nucleus of V

34
Q

What nucleus is associated with pain and temperature in the face?

A

Spinal Nucleus of V

35
Q

What parasympathetic nucleus is associated with control of the constrictor pupillage muscle of the iris?

A

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus (CN III)

36
Q

What is the purpose of the mesencephalic nucleus of V?

A

muscle sense of jaw muscles-neurons innervation muscle spindles

37
Q

Which Cranial Nerves do NOT arise from the brainstem?

A

I- Olfactory

II- Optic

38
Q

Which cranial nerve exits from the walls of the interpeduncular fossa between the two cerebral peduncles?

A

CN III- Oculomotor

39
Q

What are the 4 voluntary muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

A

inferior oblique, medial, inferior and superior oblique

40
Q

What is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem?

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

41
Q

What cranial nerve exits just caudal to the inferior colliculus at the junction of the pons and midbrain?

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

42
Q

What would a lesion in the nucleus of the trochlear nerve result in?

A

loss of function of the superior oblique in the CONTRALATERAL eye

43
Q

What type of nerurons does the motor nucleus of V contain?

A

alpha motor neurons

44
Q

What happens to fibers after exiting the main sensory nucleus of V?

A

cross the midline to join the medial edge of the medial lemniscus and project to the VPM of the thalamus

45
Q

Where are the motor nucleus and main sensory nucleus of V located?

A

pons

46
Q

Where is the nucleus of the spinal (descending) tract of V?

A

pons, rostral and caudal medulla

47
Q

What type of information does the spinal nucleus of V receive?

A

pain and temp from face (project to contralateral VPM)

48
Q

What does Lissauer’s tract merge with at the spinomedullary junction?

A

spinal (descending) tract of V

49
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei is found in the lateral wall of the rostral 4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct?

A

mesencephalic tract of V

50
Q

Where do the central axons from the neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of V project?

A

motor nucleus of V (also to spinal nucleus of V)

51
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

III- oculomotor (ventrally)

IV- trochlear (dorsally)

52
Q

Where does cranial nerve V emerge from the brainstem?

A

rostral pons

53
Q

What 3 cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

VI- Abducens
VII- Facial
VIII- Vestibulocochlear

54
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus located?

A

caudal pons (superiolateral to MLF)

55
Q

Where is the motor nucleus for the facial nerve located?

A

caudal pons (inferiolaterally to spinal nucleus and tract of V)

56
Q

What is unique about the fibers that emerge from the motor nucleus of the facial nerve?

A

they run dorsally and loop around the nucleus of VI before running ventrolaterally to exit at the pontomedullary junction just lateral to CN VI

57
Q

What is the name of the tract that fibers from the cochlear nucleus run to the superior olivary nucleus?

A

trapezoid body

58
Q

Which cranial nerve exits medially on the ventral side of the medulla between the pyramids and the olive?

A

hypoglossal (XII)

59
Q

Which 4 cranial nerve exit the medulla?

A

IX- Glossopharyngeal
X- Vagus
XI- Accessory
XII- Hypoglossal

60
Q

Where is the nucleus of the solitary tract located?

A

rostral medulla

61
Q

What information does the nucleus of the solitary tract receive?

A

taste- VII, IX, X

GVA- IX, X

62
Q

Where do the fibers of the nucleus of the solitary tract project?

A
  • taste to the thalamus

- GVA info to dorsal motor of X (visceral reflexes)

63
Q

Which nucleus contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the heart?

A

dorsal motor nucleus of X (vagus)

64
Q

What is the function of the fibers that exit the ventral motor nucleus of X (nucleus ambiguous)?

A

innervate muscles of the larynx, pharynx and the soft palate

65
Q

Where is the hypoglossal nucleus located?

A

rostral medulla

66
Q

Which three nuclei are found in the caudal medulla?

A

nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, external cuneate nucleus

67
Q

Where does the external cuneate nucleus receive input from?

A

cuneocerebellar tract, afferents from DRG that innervate muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs above C8

68
Q

Where do the neurons of the interior olivary nucleus receive input from?

A

red nucleus and spinal cord

69
Q

Where do the neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus project?

A

to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

70
Q

Where do neurons of the pontine nuclei send their projections?

A

to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere via the middle cerebellar peduncle

71
Q

What is the name of the the tract that is formed by fibers emerging from the superior olivary nucleus projecting to the inferior colliculus?

A

lateral lemniscus

72
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

midbrain just internal of the fibers of the cerebral peduncle

73
Q

Where do fibers of the inferior colliculus project? What type of information do they contain?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus/ body (hear ME)

auditory information

74
Q

What CN has fibers that terminate in the superior colliculus?

A

optic nerve (CN II)

75
Q

Where is the red nucleus located?

A

midbrain

76
Q

Where in the brain stem does CN terminate?

A

superior colliculus (midbrain)

Medical Neuroscience (32 decks)

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