Lecture 15 Flashcards
Define Self-Efficacy
Subjective Belief about one’s ability to successfully perform a behavior. Higher SE is associated with more challenging goals, greater persistence, quicker recovery from setbacks, and less anxiety, distress, and fear
Identify determinants of self-efficacy
Performance Experiences, Vicarious Experiences, Imagined Experiences, Verbal Persuasion, Physiological and Emotional States
Describe systematic desensitization and exposure treatment
SD: Treatment in which a patient is progressively exposed to anxiety-inducing stimuli and taught relaxation techniques, to reduce anxiety and increase SE
ET: Patients are fully exposed to anxiety-inducing stimuli, and “flooded” until anxiety dissipates. Designed to enhance SE and reduce anxiety .
Distinguish between mastery modeling, coping modeling,
and participant modeling
Mastery Modeling: Observing others demonstrating a desired behavior or skill
Coping Modeling: A patient observing others overcome challenges and learning their strategies and coping methods.
Participant Modeling: Not just observing others, but also mimicking their behavior with them. Most effective form of modeling.
Review the goals of the cognitive approach
Highlights our capacity to overcome drives/instincts and environmental influences through reason
- Goal 1: Describe how the mind processes information
- Goal 2: Relate individual differences in cognitive processing to personality
Describe the schematic view of cognitive processing
Cognitive processing relies on the use of schemas
Distinguish between a schema, exemplar, prototype, and fuzzy set
Schema: organized knowledge structure about a concept, it’s attributes, and relation to other concepts. (ex. Mother)
Exemplar: specific cases/examples of schema (ex. My aunt, my mom)
Prototype: Idealized best member. An individual who is most representative of the category
Fuzzy Set: Criteria relevant to the concept, but not necessary for inclusion in the schema (ex. pregnancy, disciplinarian)
Feeling Qualities: emotions relevant to the schema (ex. love, warmth)
Discuss the functions of schemas
Facilitate recognition (ex. seeing a person with a stroller -> it’s a mother),
Direct attention (ex. mimic mother’s actions)
Enhance encoding of into in memory
Provide “default” information to “fill gaps”
Define Script
Schematic representations of temporally organized event sequences
Describe how schemas are represented in memory
Schemas are represented in memory as “association networks” of nodes (i.e. units of info). Each node is a unit of info, and these nodes are connected. Fire Engine > Red > Rose > Apple > etc.
Activation of one node increases the likelihood that associated nodes will be activated
The stronger the associations between nodes, the closer the nodes are, the greater the likelihood that activating one will activate the other
Discuss the effects of spreading (partial) activation
Ex. You can be primed to activate your Male or Female schema.
