Lecture 14 Flashcards
Review the three principles of the behaviourist view of personality
- Environmental factors determine personality
- Personality is the sum of observable behavior (habit systems vs. cognitions, drives, instincts, motives, needs, unconscious/conscious experiences)
- Personality must be assessed through the observation of behavior
Discuss and generate examples of classical conditioning
Learning through repeatedly pairing neutral stimulus with stimulus that produces reflexive response
Pavlov’s Dogs
US: Food
UR: Salivation
CS: Bell
CR: Salivation
What is Negative Reinforcement? Example?
Removal/Reduction of aversive stimulus following a behavior, to reinforce it.
Ex. Car beeping, which disappears after you put on your seatbelt
What is Positive Punishment? Example?
Introduction of aversive stimulus following a behavior, to punish it.
Ex. Teacher yells at you for being on your phone
What is Negative Punishment? Example?
Removal/Reduction of desirable stimulus following a behavior to punish it
Ex. Taking away a child’s toy if they misbehave
Compare the early behaviorist view with contemporary social cognitive theories of personality
Early behaviorists maintained that behaviors are learned through classical conditioning and instrumental/operant conditioning
Contemporary learning theorists elaborate by placing greater emphasis on internal state of the individual (biological and social). These theories are called social cognitive theories
Review Dollard and Miller’s social cognitive theory of personality
Unique habit hierarchies account for individual differences in personality. It is our unique constellation of responses to drives + cues in our environment that is responsible for personality
What is drive? Example?
Motivational state that creates a readiness to respond and “propel” behavior
Ex. Drive for Hunger, Boredom
What is cue? Example?
Stimulus that has the ability to elicit behavior if accompanied by a drive, indicating what action should be taken
Ex. Sight of Food, Noon Lunch Bell, Notification of Phone
What is response? Example?
Behavior that is expressed in response to a cue and aimed at eliminating a drive
Ex. Eat a Sandwich, Scroll on Instagram
What is reinforcement? Example?
The positive consequences that follow a response (usually drive reduction).
Ex. Being satiated, no longer feeling bored
What is Habit Hierarcy?
The possible responses when exposed to a cue + drive; responses vary in probability of occurrence, where R1 being the dominant response.
If R1 does not work at reducing a drive, then the order of responses in the habit hierarchy change, at which point learning occurs.
What is observational learning?
Learning through the observation of others (requires attention, retention, production, and performance)
Discuss the benefits of observational learning
More efficient than learning through direct experience
the method by which most learning is accomplished
Is an evolved adaptation as it increases probability of survival
What is Extrinsic (social reinforcement)? Example?
Reinforcement that is arbitrarily or socially determined (ex. an “A” grade)
What is Intrinsic Reinforcement? Example?
Reinforcement resulting from natural outcome of a behavior (ex. taking Aspirin reduces headache)
What is Vicarious Reinforcement? Example?
Reinforcement that is given to a model following a behavior (ex. scholarship awarded to a classmate)
What is Self-Reinforcement? Example?
Reinforcement that one gives oneself (ex. self-approval)
