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Premidterm Term 3 - Immunology > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate System: Second Line of Defence

Soluble Components

A
  • Plasma proteins
  • cytokines
  • Interferons
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2
Q

How does the body respond to invasion

A

▪ Recognition

▪ Attack

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3
Q

How does the body recognize an invasion

A
  • PAMPs
  • DAMPs
  • Sometimes Opsonization
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4
Q

PAMPs

A

Essential to microbial survival and metabolism
which makes them relatively invariant and
evolutionary stable

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5
Q

Give me examples of PAMPs

A

-Peptidoglycan
-LPS
-Mannose
-Nucleic acids
Flagellin
Non-methylated CpG repeats

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6
Q

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS: PATHWAY

A

-Recognize the PAMPS
-Cascade occurs
Activation of transcription factors
-Increased expression of cytokines

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7
Q

What are ways the innate immune system attacks

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Opsonization
  • Secretions
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8
Q

What is the general activity of phagocytes

A
  • To suvey
    -To ingest
    -To o extract immunogenic
    information from foreign
    matter
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9
Q

Professional Phagocytes

A
  • Neutrophils

- Macrophages

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10
Q

Non-Professional phagocytes

A

Lymphocytes, NK cells, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells,

Fibroblast

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11
Q

What is Opsonization

A

to ensure
cell is readily identified, and
more efficiently taken by
phagocytes

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12
Q

What receptors are used for opsonization

A 
✓CR1 – complement receptor
for C3b fragment
(complement cascade)
✓Fc receptors for Fc region of
immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
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13
Q

Main opsonin for the antibodies

A

IgG

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14
Q

What’s special about IgM

A

-There are no Fc receptors for IgM but IgM activates the complement system for opsonization

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15
Q

What are the main complement opsonin’s

A

C3b, C4b, and C1q

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16
Q

How do the complement molecules opsonize

A
  • Opsonize the antigen

- Opsonized antigen binds to CR1 receptor on the phagocyte

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17
Q

Name three opsonin’s

A
  • antibodies
  • complement molecules
  • circulating proteins
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18
Q

Microbial degradation within the phagolysosome occurs

along two pathways:

A
  • Oxygen dependent

- Oxygen independent

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19
Q

Describe Oxygen-dependent degradation: (Oxidative Burst)

A

NADPH oxidase produces superoxide which
recombines with other molecules to produce reactive
free radicals
✓ Superoxide anions are then used by superoxide
dismutase to produce hydrogen peroxide
✓ Myeloperoxidase uses the derived hydrogen peroxide
to produce hypochlorite or bleach (second most
important enzyme)

20
Q

What happens when there is a defeciency in NADPH oxidase

A 
Absence of NADPH
oxidase will prevent
the formation of
reactive oxygen species
and will result in
chronic granulomatous
disease (CGD)
21
Q

What type of infections are associated with NADPH defeciencies

A

catalase
positive infections
(Candida, Serratia, H. pylori,
Actinomyces, Pseudomonas, E. coli, S. aureus)

22
Q

Common symptoms of CGD

A
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Neutrophil function impaired
  • Pneumonia
  • Menningitis
  • Abcess
  • Cellucitis
23
Q

nitroblue tetrazolium test

A

Blue -Normal

Yellow -abnormal

24
Q

▪ Dihydrorhodamine 123

A

Two peaks - normal

One peak -abnormal

25
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

A

autosomal
recessive disorder that arises from a mutation of a
lysosomal trafficking regulator protein (Microtubule
dysfunction) leading to lack of phagolysosome
formation.
-Large lysosomes in the phagocytes

26
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome presentation

A
  • Albinism
  • Neutropenia
  • Peridontal disease
  • reccurent infections
  • Hepatomagly
  • Anemias
27
Q

Principal cells involved in inflammation

A
  • Macrophages

- Neutrophils

28
Q

Role of cytokines in inflammation

A

Secreted to attract leukocytes to the site

29
Q

Role of histamine in inflammation

A

causes vasodilation, increased vessel

permeability (redness and heat)

30
Q

What does swelling during an immune response do

A

Contains the infection

31
Q

What stimulates pain receptors

A

Bradykinin

32
Q

Resolution/Scar formation

A

macrophages clean the area; fibroblasts form granulation
tissue
– lymphocytes mediate long-term immunity

33
Q

Diapedesis

A

migration
of cells out of blood
vessels into the tissues

34
Q

Chemotaxis

A

migration
in response to specific
chemicals at the site of
injury or infection

35
Q

Name 4 cell adhesion molecules

A
  • Selectins
  • Mucins
  • Integrins
  • ICAMS
36
Q

Leukocyte Extravasation

A
  • Rolling
  • Activation
  • Arrest/Adhesion
  • Transendothelial migration
37
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Defect (LAD)

A 
Deficiency of the β-2
integrin subunit (CD18)
-neutrophils
cannot extravasate and fight
against bacteria in tissues
38
Q

Hallmarks of LAD

A

Recurrent skin
infections, delayed umbilical
separation, absence of pus

39
Q

Extravasation - Rolling

A

Mediated by binding of selectins (endothelium) to

mucin-like CAMs (leukocyte)

40
Q

Extravasation-Activation

A

Chemokine binding induces conformational change in

integrins (leukocyte)

41
Q

Extravasation- Arrest/Adhesion

A

Integrins now capable of binding Ig-superfamily CAMS

endothelium

42
Q

Transendothelial migration

A

Migration through tight junctions of inflamed

endothelium

43
Q 
what is β-2
integrin subunit (CD18) involved in
A

formation of the β-2 integrins by dimerization

with different CD11 subunits

44
Q

Inflammatory Process:

Systemic Acute Phase Response

A 
Mediated by IL-1, IL-6, TNFα
• Act on hypothalamus: fever
• Act on liver: ↑ Acute phase
proteins (C reactive protein)
• Act on bone marrow: ↑
Leukocytosis(left shift and increase in immature cells )
45
Q

Chronic Inflammatory response

A
  • 2 weeks or longer
  • successful acute inflammatory response
  • IFNy and TNFα play a major role

Premidterm Term 3 - Immunology (5 decks)

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