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Biological psychology > Lecture 14 (spatial navigation, PTSD and memory) > Flashcards

Lecture 14 (spatial navigation, PTSD and memory) Flashcards

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1
Q

Declarative memory?

A

facts and information acquired through learning.

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2
Q

Which two processes are involved in declarative memory?

A

recollection of the item in the specific context and the sense of familiarity.

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3
Q

Which parts of the brain are needed to form new declarative memories?

A

The hippocampus, the mammillary bodies, and the dorsomedial thalamus

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4
Q

What are declarative memory divided into?

A

Episodic and semantic memory

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5
Q

Episodic memory?

A

when you remember a specific episode in your life or relate an event to a particular time and place.

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6
Q

Semantic memory?

A

generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word.

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7
Q

What is nondeclarative memory the same as?

A

Procedural memory.

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8
Q

Nondeclarative memory?

A

memory about perceptual or motor procedures. Shown by performance. Is often nonverbal.

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9
Q

Skill memory?

A

this can be sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills

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10
Q

What are nondeclarative memory divided into?

A

Skill memory, priming, associative learning.

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11
Q

Priming?

A

a change in processing of a stimulus as a result of prior exposure to the same stimulus or related stimuli.

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12
Q

Associative learning?

A

learning that involves relations between events.

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13
Q

Operant conditioning?

A

an association is here formed between the individual’s behavior and the consequences of that behavior.

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14
Q

Classical conditioning?

A

an initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event.

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15
Q

What is the relation between episodic and spatial memory?

A

both uses the two neural systems, hippocampus and cortex

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16
Q

Which brain parts are involved in episodic memory?

A

hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, neocortex

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17
Q

Which brain parts are involved in semantic memory?

A

lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex

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18
Q

Which brain parts are involved in procedural memory?

A

striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum

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19
Q

Which brain parts are involved in priming?

A

neocortex

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20
Q

Which brain parts are involved in classic conditioning?

A

amygdala and cerebellum

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21
Q

Which brain parts are involved in spatial memory?

A

hippocampus and cortex

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22
Q

Which brain system is involved in spatial navigation?

A

Hippocampus.

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23
Q

What is found in taxa drivers because of increased navigation?

A

Their hippocampus is increased.

24
Q

Which cell types are involved in spatial navigation?

A

Place cells, boundary vector cells, grid cells, and head direction cells.

25
Q

Place cells?

A

can discriminate between different environments. They will start firing when the person enters a specific place/environment.

26
Q

Boundary vector cells?

A

tell the place cells where the boundaries are. So, they know when they are in a different environment.

27
Q

Grid cells?

A

fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction.

28
Q

Head direction cells?

A

they code for the persons egocentric position. Every head cell has a preferred direction of the head.

29
Q

Which model explains how spatial cognition and episodic memory are related?

A

The BBB model

30
Q

The BBB model simplified?

A

egocentric (perception) –> allocentric (memory) –> egocentric (retrieval).

31
Q

Explain the BBB model

A
  • Place cells in hippocampus activates memories with pattern completion.
  • This activates the boundary vector cells in parahippocampal cortex which codes for the spatial structure of the scene around one’s viewpoint.
  • The grid cells can move the viewpoint.
  • Head direction cells define the perspective of the memory.
  • Cortical areas and perirhinal cortex represent perceptual information and object information.
32
Q

Where can we find the sensory information from the memory?

A

Out in the cortex.

33
Q

The two different types of consolidation?

A

Short-term (synaptic) consolidation and long-term (systemic) consolidaiton.

34
Q

Short-term (synaptic) consolidation?

A

reinforcement of synapses and making of engram. Takes place in hippocampus. Happens with long-term potentiation (LTP) which is an experience-dependent reinforcement of synaptic transmission. The changes followed by LTP make the synapse more responsive.

35
Q

Long-term (systemic) consolidation?

A

the memory gets less dependent of hippocampus through interactions between hippocampus and neocortical regions. So more neocortical than hippocampus here.

36
Q

Flash bulb memories?

A

detailed and vivid memories which are mostly attached to an important historical or personal event.

37
Q

How can emotions affect memory?

A

Associative memory is weakened by negative emotions where item memory is enhanced.

38
Q

Relation between Alzheimer’s and spatial cognition?

A

the atrophy normally begins in hippocampus. Navigation problems are a part of the first symptoms.

39
Q

Relation between PTSD and spatial cognition?

A

Maybe the trauma –> arousal/stress –> reduced hippocampal processing and enhanced emotional/perceptual processing via the amygdala –> impaired deliberate memory and increased intrusive memory.

40
Q

LTP?

A

it gives an enhanced subsequent transmitter release. This leads to increased calcium concentration which leads to activation of protein kinases. Then it will end up with a retrograde signal generator which makes the synapse more responsive in the future.

41
Q

Which part of the brain is especially plastic?

A

Hippocampus is especially plastic and change with training, learning or when not used.

42
Q

The relation between depression and hippocampal neurogenesis?

A

During depression, they have reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. But antidepressiva increases the hippocampal neurogenesis. The antidepressive effect depends on whether or not the hippocampal neurogenesis is happening.

43
Q

Why is hippocampal neurogenesis important for memory?

A

New cells can be a part of the memory network.

44
Q

Four different duration categories for memory:

A

Sensory buffer, short-term memories, working memory, and intermediate-term memory.

45
Q

Sensory buffer?

A

the briefest of them all. These brief memories are thought to be residual sensory neural activity.

46
Q

Short-term memories?

A

a form of memory that usually lasts only for seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues, especially while being used during performance of a task.

47
Q

Working memory?

A

this is how we hold information in mind while we are working with it to solve a problem.

48
Q

The three parts of working memory?

A

o A phonological loop that contains auditory information.
o A visuospatial sketch pad that holds visual impressions of stimuli.
o An episodic buffer that contains more-integrated information, spanning

49
Q

Intermediate-term memory?

A

a memory that outlasts what we typically consider to be short-term memory but if far from being permanent.

50
Q

What are the three steps for creating and retaining memories?

A

Encoding, consolidation, retrieval.

51
Q

Non-associative learning types?

A

Habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization.

52
Q

Habituation?

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus as it’s repeated.

53
Q

Dishabituation?

A

opposite of habituation. Increase in response to stimulus.

54
Q

Sensitization?

A

when the response is greater than the baseline level because of prior stimulation.

55
Q

What is the primary cranial nerve which do the communication between the intestine and the brain?

A

Vagus

Biological psychology (21 decks)

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