Lecture 12 (mindfulness)

Question 1

What is dispositional mindfulness?

Answer 1

Dispositional mindfulness is an innate characteristic reflecting an individuals’ natural occurring ability to inhabit this intentional stance of awareness.

Question 2

Which part of the brain are you better at activating if you have more dispositional mindfulness?

Answer 2

Prefrontal cortex.

Question 3

The hypothesis of mindfulness?

Answer 3

That it increases emotion regulation.

Question 4

What is interoception?

Answer 4

“Sense of the physiological condition of the entire body”.

Question 5

What do interoception correlate with neuroanatomical?

Answer 5

Right anterior insula correlated with increased interoceptive awareness.

Question 6

What did they find when testing mindfulness training and the Ultimatum Game?

Answer 6

o They found that mindfulness training results in an increased willingness to cooperate indexed by higher acceptance rates to unfair monetary offers in the Ultimatum Game.

Question 7

What happened to the people who did mindfulness training in the Ultimatum Game?

Answer 7

Ultimatum Game behavior resulted in collectively higher earnings for MT subjects as well as for their social partners.

Question 8

What happened to the people who didn’t mindfulness training in the Ultimatum Game?

Answer 8

However, when playing a CT subject (no meditation), there were no increases in collective earnings.

Question 9

What is the relation between regulation of the anterior insula and acceptance of unfair monetary offers?

Answer 9

This result suggests that regulation of the anterior insula in the context of social exchange promotes an increased ability to accept unfair monetary offers.

Question 10

The point/result of the Ultimatum Game and mindfulness training?

Answer 10

The results point to effects of MT as an enhanced ability to regulate anterior insula activity, which may be responsible for increased collective earnings during social exchanges.

Question 11

What is the Ultimatum Game?

Answer 11

Two people sit by eachother. One of them get some money which they should divide into two, so their partner also gets some money. But if the partner denies because of an unfair offer, none of them get any money.

Question 12

Extended self-reference?

Answer 12

Linking experiences across time.

Question 13

Which part of the brain is used to support self-awareness by linking subjective experiences across time?

Answer 13

The medial prefrontal cortices.

Question 14

Momentary self-reference?

Answer 14

Centered on the present.

Question 15

Narrative self-focus?

Answer 15

relevance of a trait word to the self. Show pronounced recruitment of midline cortical structures.

Question 16

After mindfulness meditation, experience self-focus resulted in a shift away from midline cortices towards?

Answer 16

A right lateralized network.

Question 17

MBSR?

Answer 17

used to help people suffering from chronic health conditions to cope with resulting stress.

Question 18

MBCT?

Answer 18

intervention for preventing depressive relapse.

Question 19

Dialectal Behavior Therapy (DBT)?

Answer 19

a treatment for borderline. The basic idea is that for personal and emotional change to occur, people must first accept their own emotional experience and who they are, while actively working to change their behavior and environment to construct a life to which they aspire.

Question 20

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

Answer 20

The notion of acceptance developed by ACT is identical to interventions that are primarily based on mindfulness. Clients are taught to develop an observing self that watches their bodily sensations, emotions, thoughts, and actions as distinct phenomena from who they really are.

Question 21

Five mechanisms by which mental behavior interventions might reduce symptoms?

Answer 21

1. The clients have to think about painful situations. In this process, people learn that the painful experiences do not have the catastrophic consequences that they are often a priori envisioning.
2. It promotes cognitive changes by modifying the attitude towards thoughts and feelings.
3. Mindfulness training fosters self-management in several ways.
4. Mindfulness practice often results in relaxation, which has been proven to be an effective approach for many psychological stressors.
5. Acceptance. Experiencing events fully and without defense.

Question 22

What are the three processes that are particularly trained during MBI?

Answer 22

Attentional control, reflexive awareness of personal experience, and inhibition of prepotent response.