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Z A&P Chapters 7-9 > Lecture #14 Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Lecture #14 Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The contraction of smooth muscle in a wavelike fashion pushing food through the intestine

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2
Q

What is the contraction of smooth muscle in a wavelike fashion pushing food through the intestine called?

A

Peristalsis

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3
Q

What is the location of each type of muscle?

A

-Skeletal muscle attached to bones
-Cardiac muscle makes up the heart
-Smooth muscle lines the wall so internal organs (blood vessels & digestive tract)

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4
Q

How is each type of muscle contracted?

A

-Skeletal is voluntary
-Cardiac is involuntary
-Smooth is involuntary

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5
Q

What are the organs of the muscular system?

A

An entire skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What four types of tissue are skeletal muscles comprised of?

A

-Skeletal muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue
-Blood
-Connective tissue

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7
Q

What causes vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscles

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8
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue called in muscles?

A

-Fascia
-Tendon
-Aponeuroses

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9
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue that encloses a muscle

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10
Q

What are tendons?

A

A cordlike band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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11
Q

What is an aponeuroses?

A

A sheet of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone, skin, or other muscles

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12
Q

What are the three muscle coverings?

A

-Epimysium
-Perimysium
-Endomysium

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13
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

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14
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The layer of connective tissue that encloses a bundle of skeletal fibers/fascicle

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15
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

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16
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Threadlike bundles of filaments in striated muscle cells

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17
Q

What are the two types of myofiliments?

A

Actin and Myosin

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18
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

Cell membrane of muscle cell

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19
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in a muscle fiber

20
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Structural and functional unit of a myofibril

21
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

Membranous networks of channels and tubules in a muscle fiber that corresponds to the smooth ER of other cells

22
Q

What is a transverse (T) tubule?

A

A membranous channel that extends deep into a cell from a muscle fiber membrane

23
Q

What is the triad structure in muscles?

A

A group of three structures in a muscle which is two cisternae and a transverse tubule

24
Q

What are cisternae?

A

An enlarged portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the actin and myosin filaments of a muscle fiber

25
Q

What do muscle fibers consist of?

A

Sarcomeres connected end-to-end

26
Q

What cause the striated pattern in muscles?

A

Myofilaments arranged in myofibrils

27
Q

What is the I band?

A

A light band composed of thin actin filaments

28
Q

What is the A band?

A

A dark band composed of thick myosin filaments overlapping with thin actin filaments

29
Q

What is the H zone?

A

The center of the A band composed of thick myosin filaments

30
Q

What is the Z line/ Z disc?

A

The center of the I band/thin myofilaments

31
Q

What is the M line?

A

The center of the A band and anchors the thick filaments in place

32
Q

What is the function of myosin head?

A

It forms cross-bridges

33
Q

What is actin composed of?

A

The actin protein with binding sites and troponin and tropomyosin which hide the actin binding site and prevent cross-bridge formation

34
Q

What occurs in the sarcomere as a muscle contracts?

A

Actin and myosin slide past one another

35
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

A type of synapse where an axon of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber interact

36
Q

What five things comprise the NMJ?

A

-Motor neuron
-Motor end plate
-Synaptic vesicles
-Neurotransmitters
-Synaptic cleft

37
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Neurons which conduct impulses from the CNS to an effector

38
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

A specialized part of a muscle fiber membrane at the NMJ

39
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical that an axon secretes into a synapse that stimulates or inhibits an effector of another neuron

40
Q

What is the synaptic knob?

A

Tiny enlargement at the end of an axon that secretes a neurotransmitter

41
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

A narrow extracellular space between the cells at a synapse

42
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

Vesicles/tiny sacs that store neurotransmitters

43
Q

What is the synaptic terminal?

A

The end of a neuron

44
Q

What type of neurotransmitter does skeletal muscle respond to?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

45
Q

What are the six steps that must occur in the nervous system for a muscle to contract?

A
  1. Stimulus received
  2. Impulse transmitted through the axon
  3. Synaptic vesicles rupture releasing Acetylcholine (ACh)
    4.Neurotransmitters spill into the synaptic cleft causes a change in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ ions generating a muscle impulse/action potential
  4. This impulse causes the Triad to release Ca++ ions
  5. Ca++ ions bind to troponin which cause both troponin and tropomyosin to reveal the actin binding sites

Z A&P Chapters 7-9 (5 decks)

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