Lecture #12 Chapter 7

Question 1

What are the two types of fractures?

Answer 1

-Simple/closed fractures
-Compound/open fractures

Question 2

How are fractures classified?

Answer 2

By the nature of the break

Question 3

What is a simple/close fraacture?

Answer 3

Fracture protected by uninjured skin or mucous membrane

Question 4

What is a compound/open fracture?

Answer 4

Fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through an opening in the skin or mucous membrane

Question 5

What are the six types of fractures?

Answer 5

-Greenstick
-Fissured
-Comminuted
-Transverse
-Oblique
-Spiral

Question 6

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 6

An incomplete break that occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone

Question 7

What is a fissured fracture?

Answer 7

An incomplete longitudinal break

Question 8

What is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 8

A complete fracture which fragments the bone

Question 9

What is a transverse fracture?

Answer 9

A complete break that occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone

Question 10

What is an oblique fracture?

Answer 10

A fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

Question 11

What is a spiral fracture?

Answer 11

A fracture caused by excessive twisting of a bone

Question 12

What are the four steps in fracture repair?

Answer 12

-Hematoma
Large blood clot as a result of ruptured blood vessels
-Cartilaginous Callus
Phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage invades
-Bony Callus
Osteoblasts invade, hard callus fills the space
-Remodeling
Bone restored close to original shapte

Question 13

What are six functions of bone?

Answer 13

-Provide shape to body
-Support body structures
-Protect body structures
-Aid body movement
-Contain tissue that produces blood cells
-Store inorganic salts

Question 14

What are major supporting bones?

Answer 14

Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral coumn

Question 15

What 3 major structures does the skull protect?

Answer 15

Brain, ears, eyes

Question 16

What 2 major structures does the rib cage and shoulder girdle protect?

Answer 16

Hearth and lungs

Question 17

What 2 general features does the pelvic girdle protect?

Answer 17

Reproductive organs and lower abdominal organs

Question 18

What does bone + muscle=?

Answer 18

Movement

Question 19

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 19

Blood cells formation

Question 20

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 20

Blood-cell-forming tissue in spaces within bones

Question 21

What 3 things are produced in red bone marrow?

Answer 21

-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Platelets

Question 22

What happens to red bone marrow as age increases?

Answer 22

It is replaced with yellow bone marrow

Question 23

What does yellow bone marrow do?

Answer 23

Stores fat

Question 24

What percentage of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts?

Answer 24

70%

Question 25

What is 70% of bone matrix made of?

Answer 25

Inorganic mineral salts

Question 26

What is hydroxyapatite?

Answer 26

Calcium phosphate

Question 27

What is the must abundant salt crystals in bone?

Answer 27

Hydroxyapatite/calcium phosphate

Question 28

What are the 4 less common salts in bone?

Answer 28

-Magnesium ions (Mg++)
-Sodium ions (Na+)
-Potassium ions (K+)
-Carbonate ions (CO3–)

Question 29

What is the condition that results form loss of bone mineralization?

Answer 29

Osteoporosis

Question 30

What two hormones regulate blood calcium levels?

Answer 30

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

Question 31

2 vital functions of calcium in the blood?

Answer 31

Nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction

Question 32

5 step system that regulates high blood calcium levels?

Answer 32

Stimulus-Blood calcium levels increase
Receptors-Cells in the thyroid gland sense the increase of blood calcium
Control center-Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
Effectors-Osteoblasts deposit calcium in bone
Response-Blood calcium levels returns toward normal

Question 33

5 Step system that regulates low blood calcium levels?

Answer 33

Stimulus-Blood calcium levels decrease
Receptors-Cells in the thyroid gland sense the decrease in blood calcium
Control center-Thyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Effectors-Osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium
Response-Blood calcium returns toward normal

Question 34

What is a fragility fracture?

Answer 34

Fracture that occurs from less than standing height

Question 35

What does a fragility fracture indicate?

Answer 35

Low bone density

Question 36

What happens to osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life?

Answer 36

Osteoblasts will eventually start to remove more bone tissue than osteoblasts deposit

Question 37

What is osteopenia?

Answer 37

Bone loss

(Happens before osteoporosis. It is low bone mineral density for age)

Question 38

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 38

Severe bone loss that leaves spaces and canals in bone weakening them

(Happens after osteopenia and puts on at an increase risk of fracture)

Question 39

What percentage of people over 50 have a bone loss condition?

Answer 39

50%

Question 40

What group of people is at risk for bone loss conditions?

Answer 40

Postmenopausal women due to hormone changes

Question 41

3 measures to prevent fragility fractures?

Answer 41

-Get 30min of exercise per day which includes weight-bearing exercises
-Get enough calcium and vitamin D
-Do not smoke

Question 42

What are 8 life-span changes that occur in the skeletal system?

Answer 42

-Decrease in height about age 30
-Calcium levels fall
-Bones become brittle & more prone to fracture
-Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
-Spongy bone weakens before compact bone
-Rapid bone loss in menopausal women
-Hip fractures common
-Vertebral compression fractures common