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Z A&P Chapters 7-9 > Lecture #13 Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Lecture #13 Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for joints?

A

Articulations

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2
Q

What are the four functions of joints/articulations?

A

-Connects parts of the skeleton
-Facilitates bone growth (Epiphyseal plate)
-Permits childbirth
-Enables locomotion in conjunction with the muscular system

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3
Q

How are joints/articulations classified?

A

By structure (more common) or function

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4
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

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5
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A

-Synarthrotic
-Amphiarthrotic
-Diarthrotic

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6
Q

What does synarthrotic mean?

A

Immovable

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7
Q

What does amphiarthrotic mean?

A

Slightly movable

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8
Q

What does diarthrotic mean?

A

Freely movable

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9
Q

Describe fibrous joints?

A

Held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers. Seen in bones that make close contact. 3 types

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10
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

-Syndesmosis
-Suture
-Gomphosis

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11
Q

Describe a fibrous syndesmosis type of joint?

A

An amphiarthrotic joint that is either formed by an interosseous membrane (interosseous membrane of leg) or an interosseous ligament (anterior tibiofibular ligament) such as in the tibia and fibula

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12
Q

What is an interosseous membrane?

A

A sheet of dense connective tissue that forms a syndesmosis

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13
Q

What is an interosseous ligament?

A

A bundle of dense connective tissue that forms a syndesmosis

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14
Q

Describe a fibrous suture joint?

A

A type of synarthotic joint that consists of a sutural ligament that occurs in the flat bones of the skull

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15
Q

What is a sutural ligament?

A

A thin layer of connective tissue

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16
Q

Describe of fibrous gomphosis joint?

A

A type of synarthrotic joint with a cone-shaped bony process in a socket in the jawbone joined with a periodontal ligament (teeth)

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17
Q

What is a periodontal ligament?

A

A ligament that surrounds the tooth and connects it to bone with thick collagen fibers

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18
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

-Synchondrosis
-Symphysis

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19
Q

Describe a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint?

A

A type of synarthrosis joint that is composed of bands of hyaline cartilage such as epiphyseal plates and the manubrium and first rib

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20
Q

Describe a symphysis?

A

A type of amphiarthrotic joint that is attached by a fibrocartilage pad with the articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage such the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

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21
Q

Describe synovial joints?

A

The most common type of joint which is diarthrotic. It consists of the ends of bones covered by articular cartilage and a joint capsule

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22
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

A joint capsule is an outer fibrous layer of ligaments (attached to the periosteum) and an inner synovial membrane that secretes synovium

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23
Q

What is synovium?

A

A fluid that helps lubricate and nourish joints

24
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Fluid-filled sacks that act like small pillows

25
Q

Describe menisci?

A

Discs of fibrocartilage that cushion and distribute body weight

26
Q

What are the six types general types of synovial joints based on shape?

A

-Ball-and-socket
-Condylar
-Plane
-Hinge
-Pivot
-Saddle

27
Q

Describe a ball-and-socket joint?

A

Also known as a spheroidal joint, this joint features a round head fitting in a cupped cavity which mean it exhibits the widest range of motion with multiaxial movement and rotation such as in the hips and shoulders

28
Q

Describe a condylar joint?

A

Also known as an ellipsoidal joint. This joint features an oval condyle fitting into and elliptical cavity such as the metacarpophalangeal joints. This joint allows biaxial movement with back-and-forth as well as side-to-side motions

29
Q

Describe a plane joint?

A

Also called a gliding joint. This joint is almost flat or slightly curved such as in the wrist or ankle. The joint features nonaxial movement with back-and-forth as well as twisting motions

30
Q

Describe a a hinge joint?

A

A joint that features a convex surface of one bone sitting on the concave surface of another bone such as the elbow and interphalangeal joints. The joint allows for uniaxial movement

31
Q

Describe a pivot joint?

A

Also called a trochoid joint. This joint has a cylindrical surface that rotates within a ring of another bone such as the dens of C2 rotating within C1. This joint allows for uniaxial movement which is rotation exclusively

32
Q

Describe a sellar joint?

A

A joint where both bones have concave and convex surfaces such as the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb. This joint allows for biaxial movment

33
Q

What is the origin?

A

The end of a muscle that is attached the relatively fixed side of a joint

34
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The end of a muscle that is attached to the more movable side of a joint

35
Q

What happens to the insertion and origin as a muscle contracts?

A

The insertion is pulled toward the origin

36
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Moving a part so the end follows a circular path

37
Q

Abduction?

A

Moving part away from the midline

38
Q

Adduction?

A

Moving a part toward the midline

39
Q

Flexion?

A

Decreasing joint angle so parts become closer

40
Q

Extension?

A

Moving parts away from each other so joint angle increases

41
Q

Hyperextension?

A

Extension of parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position (beyond normal range of motion)

42
Q

Lateral flexion?

A

Flexion lateral (coronal plane instead of frontal plane)

43
Q

Dorsiflexion?

A

Moving foot closer to the shin

44
Q

Plantarflexion?

A

Moving foot away from the shin

45
Q

Roation?

A

Twisting a part around an axis

46
Q

Medial rotation?

A

Internal rotation so anterior surface faces midline

47
Q

Lateral rotation?

A

External rotation (so the posterior surface faces the midline?

48
Q

Supination?

A

Palms upward/anteriorly

49
Q

Pronation?

A

Palms downward/posteriorly

50
Q

Inversion?

A

Plantar surface faces medially

51
Q

Eversion?

A

Plantar surface faces laterally

52
Q

Protraction?

A

Moving a part forward

53
Q

Retraction?

A

Moving a part backward

54
Q

Elevation?

A

Raising a part

55
Q

Depression?

A

Lowering a part

56
Q

What type of joint changes first as people age?

A

Fibrous joints

57
Q

What four things occur in joints as people age?

A

Joint Stiffness
-Cartilage in synchondroses stiffins
-Ligament lose elasticity
-Symphysis joints lose flexibility due to water loss (which also causes a decrease in height because of vertebral discs)
-Synovial joints lose function as capillary supply diminishes

Z A&P Chapters 7-9 (5 decks)

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