Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z A&P Chapters 7-9 > Lecture #11 Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Lecture #11 Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones?

A

Bones are the organs of the skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 5 different tissues are bones comprised of?

A

-Bone tissue
-Cartilage
-Dense connective tissue
-Blood
-Nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 functions of bones?

A

-Support and protect softer tissues
-Provide points of attachment for muscles
-House blood-producing cells
-Store inorganic salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 ways that bones vary greatly?

A

-Size
-Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 features that bones are similar in?

A

-Structure
-Development
-Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bones?

A

-Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
-Irregular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of long bones?

A

-Long
-Narrow
-Have expanded ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the characteristic of short bones?

A

It is cubelike (length=width)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the characteristic of flat bones?

A

Plate-like with broad surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of irregular bones?

A

-Variety of shapes
-Most are connected to other bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Any of the round bones that form within tendons adjacent to joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epiphysis?

A

Expanded end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diaphysis?

A

Bone shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metaphysis?

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis, the widening part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Articular cartilage?

A

Cover epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Periosteum?

A

Encloses bone; dense connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is compact/cortical bone located?

A

Wall of the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is another name for spongy cone?

A

Cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is spongy/cancellous bone located?

A

Makes up epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trabeculae?

A

Branching bony plates that make up spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Medullary cavity?

A

Hollow chamber in the diaphysis that contains marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endosteum?

A

A thin membrane containing bone-forming cells that line the medullary cavity as well as spaces within spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone marrow?

A

Comes in two types, red and yellow. Lines medullary cavity and fills spongy bone spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osteocytes?

A

Mature bones cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lacunae?

A

A small chamber or cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Canaliculi?

A

Canals that connect the lacunae of bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of?

A

Collagen fibers and inorganic salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of collagen fibers in bone?

A

Gives bone resilience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of inorganic salt in bone?

A

Makes the bone hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is collagen fiber?

A

A white fiber consisting of the protein collagen that is common in connective tissues and bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does compact bone consist of?

A

Cylindrical units called osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Cylinder-shaped units containing bone cells and matrix lamellae that surround a central canal (Haversian system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 4 functions/characteristics of compact bone?

A

-Strong
-Solid
-Weight-bearing
-Resists compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does spongy bone consist of?

A

Branching plates called trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 2 characteristics/functions of spongy bone?

A

-Somewhat flexible
-Nutrients diffuse through canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are perforating canals/Volkmann’s canals?

A

Canals that connect central/Haversian canals

38
Q

What are the canals called that connect adjacent central/Haversian canals?

A

Perforating canals/Volkmann’s canals

39
Q

What does compact bone consist of?

A

Osteons

40
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A cylinder-shaped unit containing bone cells and matrix lamellae that surround a central canal (Haversian system)

41
Q

What are the spaces called that osteocytes reside in?

A

Lacunae

42
Q

Lamellae?

A

Layers of matrix around a central canal

43
Q

What provides nutrients to bone tissue?

A

Blood vessels

44
Q

What can osteocytes pass nutrients through?

A

Canaliculi

45
Q

When does the skeletal system develop?

A

During the first few weeks of prenatal development

46
Q

What are the 2 ways in which bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue?

A

Intramembranous bones and Endochondral bones

47
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat skull bones are forming between sheets of primitive connective tissue (mesenchymal cells)

The process of replacing embryonic connective tissue to form intramembranous bone

48
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones and most of the skeleton are formed from hyaline cartilage models

49
Q

What do intramembranous bones originate as?

A

Sheetlike layers of connective tissue

50
Q

What are the general shapes of intramembranous bones?

A

Broad and flat bones

51
Q

What are examples of intramembranous bones?

A

-Flat bones of the skull
-Clavicles
-Sternum
-Some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic)

52
Q

What are the 6 steps in intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Sheets of embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) appear at the sites of future bones
  2. Mesenchymal cells in primitive tissue differentiate into osteoblasts which deposit bone matrix
  3. Dense networks of blood vessels supply the developing spongy bone
  4. Osteoblasts become completely surrounded by matrix and are then osteocytes in lacunae
  5. Mesenchyme on the surface of each developing structure condense to form periosteum
  6. Osteoblast on the inside of the periosteum deposit compact bone over the spongy bone
53
Q

What do endochondral bones begin as?

A

Masses of hyaline cartilage

54
Q

What are 6 examples of endochondral bones?

A

Most of the bones of the skeleton such as the femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, and vertebrae

55
Q

What are the 7 steps in endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Masses of hyalin cartilage form models of future bones
  2. Chrondrocytes enlarge and lacunae grow
  3. Cartilage tissue and matrix breaks down, chondrocytes die, and the periosteum develops
  4. Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue
  5. Osteoblasts blasts form spongy bone fill the space occupied by cartilage
  6. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum deposit compact bone
  7. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when fully encased by the bony matrix
56
Q

Where is the primary ossification center?

A

Diaphysis

57
Q

Where is the secondary ossification center?

A

Epiphysis

58
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage model?

A

When future bones are fist formed as hyaline cartilage models

59
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Cartilaginous layers that remain between the diaphysis and the epiphysis (two ossification centers) of a long bone that grows, lengthening of a bone

60
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

A bone-forming cell (builds bone)

61
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

A cell that breaks down bone matrix (crushes bone/cleans out bone)

62
Q

What is the growing region of bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis?

A

Epiphyseal plate

63
Q

What are the 4 layers of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Zone of resting cartilage
  • Zone of proliferating cartilage
  • Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  • Zone of calcified cartilage
64
Q

What is the zone of resting cartilage?

A

The layer closest to the epiphysis comprised of resting cells; anchor epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis

65
Q

What is the zone of proliferating cartilage?

A

Rows of young cells undergoing mitosis

66
Q

What is the zone of hypertrophic cartilage?

A

Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear. They thicken the epiphyseal plate lengthening the bone. Matrix calcified, cartilage cells/chondrocytes die

67
Q

What is the zone of calcified cartilage?

A

A thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix

68
Q

What are cells that break down calcified matrix?

A

Osteoclasts

69
Q

What are cells that invade, replacing cartilage with bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

70
Q

What is a physiological feature that must remain for bones to continue to grow in length?

A

For the cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate to remain active

71
Q

What physiological feature is present when a bone can no longer grow in length?

A

Ossification centers meet and the epiphyseal plate ossifies

72
Q

How does bone thicken?

A

By depositing compact bone on the outside under the periosteum

73
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

The opposing processes of deposition and resorption that occur on the surfaces of endosteum and periosteum

74
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

Removal of bone by osteoclasts

75
Q

What is bone deposition?

A

Formation of bone by osteoblasts

76
Q

What percent of the skeleton is replaced each year?

A

10%-20%

77
Q

What 4 factors affect bone development, growth, and repair?

A

-Nutrition
-Sunlight exposure
-Hormone levels
-Physical exercise

78
Q

What is the role of Vitamin D in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Calcium absorption

79
Q

What is the role of Vitamin A in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

80
Q

What is the role of Vitamin C in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Collagen synthesis

81
Q

What is the role of growth hormone in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Stimulates cartilage cell division

82
Q

What is the role of thyroid hormone in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity

83
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Stimulates osteoclast activity/bone breakdown

84
Q

What is the role of sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Promotes bone formation, stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates

85
Q

What is the role of physical stress in bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Stimulates bone growth

86
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin D cause in bones?

A

Rickets and osteomalacia

87
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin A cause in bones?

A

Retards bone development

88
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin C cause in bones?

A

Slender and fragile bones

89
Q

What does insufficiency of growth hormone cause in bones?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

90
Q

What does excess of growth hormone cause in bones?

A

Gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults

Z A&P Chapters 7-9 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions