LECTURE 13: PANTHEON

Question 1

Emperor Hadrian

Answer 1

1. 76-138 CE
2. Rebuilt Pantheon

Question 2

When was pantheon rebuilt

Answer 2

118-128 CE

Question 3

Where was the Pantheon built?

Answer 3

Marshy, unstable Earth- gave it a supporting problem

Question 4

What was used to support it?

Answer 4

Foundation ring made of travertine pieces in layers,

these layers were held together by mortar of lime and pozzolan

Question 5

What is travertine

Answer 5

1. type of stone
2. not affected by weather changes
3. porous (can soak up water in times of flood)

Question 6

Pozzolan preparation

Answer 6

1. local volacanic sand + water ——> strong mortar
2. this strong mortar binds to give a strong compression bearing material
3. before mixing with water (romans):

pozzelano + lime (2:1)

4. ash + water + quicklime = pozzolanic reaction named after pozzuloi in bay of naples
5. lot of heat porduced, there should less water (to prevent cooling)

Question 7

Problem with standard concrete

Answer 7

1. degradation begins as soon as it is placed
2. CaOH by product is created that creates problems

Question 8

Benefits of Pumice Pozzolan

Answer 8

1. Enhances long-term compressive strength.
2. prevents chloride attack.
3. high resistance to sulfate attack
4. eliminates destructive ASR.
5. Reduces heat of hydration.
6. Increases abrasion resistance.
7. Greatly reduces permeability.
8. self healing
9. Improves durability.

Question 9

Modern Concrete

Answer 9

1. Prepared in large watery batches
2. Mechanically mixed
3. the pour can be discontinuous
4. concrete is held in place by steel rods
5. large vibrators prevent water from reaching the top.

Question 10

Roman Concrete

Answer 10

1. Prepared in smaller batches
2. Hand mixed
3. Pour has to be continuous
4. minimal water
5. when poured, heat is generated which catalyzes the bond and minimizes weigh.

Question 11

Pilasters

Answer 11

They are the shallow rectangular columns attached to the wall

visual impression of strength and structure

Used to frame niches and aedicules

Question 12

Niches

Answer 12

Small spaces to hold statues of deities

Question 13

Aedicules

Answer 13

Smaller niches

Question 14

Exedra

Answer 14

Semicircular architectural feature with seating

Question 15

Axis

Answer 15

Imaginary line that organizes the Pantheon’s symmetry and orientation

Question 16

Pantheon Columns

Answer 16

16 columns

12m high (40ft)

54 metric tons

Corinthian columns

Question 17

Where were the columns made?

Answer 17

Mon Claudianus quarries, Egypt