DEFINITIONS

Question 1

Radiocarbon Dating

Answer 1

Scientific method of determining age of element based on presence of carbon-14.

Question 2

Petroglyph

Answer 2

Image created on rock surface through incision, carving or abrading

Question 3

Hand Imprint

Answer 3

Stamp, similar to stencil embossing shape of hand on skin onto a surface

Question 4

Hand Stencil

Answer 4

Image created by placing hand on a rock surface and blowing paint over it to create sillouhette of hand

Question 5

Agro-Pastoralism

Answer 5

Food farming with animal herding

Question 6

Granary

Answer 6

Earliest form of storage architecture (grain storage)

Question 7

Fertile Crescent

Answer 7

Arc shaped area that stretches from Zegros mountains across Tigris river to Euphrates river.
(present day northern Iraq and north-eastern Turkey)

Question 8

Obsidian

Answer 8

Hard material that was used to make hunting tools.
Obsidian trade became the center of agro-pastoral society

Question 9

Extreme Landscape

Answer 9

1. Landscape that requires round-the-clock maintenance, workers and management
2. Drain water to use it and direct it to particular places.

Question 10

Hierarchal Scale

Answer 10

use of size to denote relative importance of subjects in an artwork

Question 11

Mosaic

Answer 11

1. Tapered peg like form made from terra cotta or carved from limestone.
2. Used to decorate mudbrick walls
3. Cones embedded into plaster to create surface covering for walls.
4. Protection from rain, wind etc.

Question 12

Temple Economy

Answer 12

1. Temples were economic venters in their respective community.
2. required maintenance by full time staff
3. Required regular and reliable sources of income.
4. Bigger temples controlled lands that produced crops
5. Detailed book-keeping

Question 13

Theocracy

Answer 13

Govt. in which the deity is recognized as the civil ruler while humans who were considered ‘divinely guided’ governed and implemented policies

Question 14

Eridu

Answer 14

1. The 1st Mesapotamian city
2. Achieved organization through common deity.
3. Temple more important than palace
4. Preist had highest authority

Question 15

Cuneiform

Answer 15

Latin–> wedge shaped
Reed stylus with triangular tip used to inscribe or impress symbols into moist clay tablets

Question 16

Clay Tablets (Uruk period)

Answer 16

1. Most durable documents ever written.
2. After writing tablets were dried in sun or fired in kiln.

Question 17

First Temple

Answer 17

1. Box with altar and oven on side
2. As population grew, the altar was moved to regulate access.

Question 18

Votive Figures

Answer 18

1.Offerings made in temple
2. Made of gypsum
3. Allows donors to be in presence of deity.

Question 19

Demeter

Answer 19

Greek goddess of harvest and agriculture, presiding over food, grains, crops and fertility of Earth.

Question 20

Chauvet Caves

Answer 20

1. Near Pon’t d’Arc on riverside
2. communal cave made of limestone
3. 950 images including paintings , engravings, partial human figures and animals (overlapping bulls)
4. Animals were multiple legged to form movement
5. Paintings had sense of hierarchy, dynamism and movement.

Question 21

Purpose of Caves

Answer 21

1. Sites of ritual gatherings
2. Gathering of clan groups from nearby villages to witness
3. Different cave sites competed each other in magic produced (medicine)
4. Ceremonies

a. ancestor
communication
b. preparing men and their equiment for hunt
c. promoting fertility
d. summoning animals for hunt.

Question 22

Weir Dam

Answer 22

Helps direct flow of water.
Needs someone with authority to decide its direction.

Question 23

Woman with Dead Child

Answer 23

Soft ground etching
Printed in black, overworked in green with golden wash
42x48cm
British Museum, London

Question 24

Who were Gravettians?

Answer 24

First people on earth who where cold weather hunters

Question 25

Where were Gravettians located?

Answer 25

Central Europe - Russia

Question 26

How did Gravettians live?

Answer 26

Tundra: seasonal winter camps

Question 27

How did the Gravettians disappear?

Answer 27

Died in Northern part of Earth

Question 28

Ancestor Cult

Answer 28

Symbolic significance of residences
Special relationship to animals
eg. Lion Human Figurine

Question 29

Cold Weather Hunting Tradition

Answer 29

1. Used transportable architecture elements
2. Hunting was ritualistic
3. Migrations from Siberia to North America

Question 30

Ochre

Answer 30

naturally occuring clay pigment (yellow to red, brown or white)

Question 31

Where was ochre used

Answer 31

1. Cave drawings
2. Burial sites

Question 32

What did Venus figurines exhibit?

Answer 32

idealized female anatomy
colored in red with ochre pigment

Question 33

what was the purpose of venus figurines?

Answer 33

totem/memory devices

Question 34

How were venus figurines made?

Answer 34

soft clay, baked, carved limestone or ivory

Question 35

Lavvu

Answer 35

1. Sami, Finland
2. tent-like structure that used compression rings using twine for stability
3. Hole in center at top for fire to escape (but rain would get inside)
4. Made of wooden poles, animal skin, twine

Question 36

Tipi

Answer 36

1. Plain Indians, North America
2. a. Tilted structure for better temp. control,
   b. Smoke exits on side,
   c. Bison jack as skin (no compression rings)
   d. Poles tied with tight rope
   e. leather inside for insulation in winter
3. Surface of tipi - drawing of historical events
4. More mobile, reusable, dragged by dogs, owned and built by women

Question 37

Magdalenian Culture

Answer 37

1. drawings became more realistic
2. discovered and enhanced use of caves (ritualistic practices)
3. Northern Europe and Southern UK—-> tundra to emerging forest

Question 38

Wall Painting - Catal Huyuk

Answer 38

1. Depiction of powerful animals (bull, stags, wild board)
2. geometric repeating patterns
3. Lively human figures wearing leopard skin around main creature

4.house - animal parts such as skull, teeth, claws used as decor or consturction materials