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MIP 300 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Acquired from normal life experiences of a human

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2
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Produced purposefully thorugh medical procedures

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3
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Person developes their own immune response to a microbe

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4
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Person receives preformed immunity made by another person

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5
Q

What biological phenomena allows for vaccination?

A

Artificial active immunity

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6
Q

What are the 5 major types of vaccines?

A
  • Killed organisms
  • Attenuated organisms (live passaged in culture until no longer pathogenic)
  • Recombinant proteins (cloned proteins which gives the host an immune response)
  • Recombinant DNA (injected plasmids that express antigens)
  • Toxoid (chemically or heat inactivated toxins)
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7
Q

Which vaccine type has the best and longest protection?

A

Attenuated organisms

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8
Q

Could any of these vaccines cause an infection?

A

No

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9
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Steady frequency (often low level) in population

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10
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Occurence higher than expected world wide

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11
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Occurence higher than expected

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12
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

Sudden occurence higher than expected in a small group

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13
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Resistance of a population to infection due to immunity

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14
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Small changes in antigens (mutations) -> decreased herd immunity

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15
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Large changes in antigens -> decreased her immunity

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16
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

Animal disease transmitted to humans

17
Q

What are examples of zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Giardia protozoan: rodents, dogs, cats, cattle, deer
  • Hanta virus: deer mice
  • Plague bacterium: domestic and wild rodents
  • Rabies prion: dogs, cats, bats, rodents, cattle
  • Salmonella bacterium: birds, reptiles, mammals
18
Q

What is a nosocomial disease?

A

Illnesses associated with hospitilization

19
Q

What are examples of nosocomial diseases?

A
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphyolococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • C. diff
20
Q

What is an index case?

A

The index case is the first case

21
Q

What is morbidity rate?

A

% individuals in pop. that become ill

22
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

% of individuals in pop. who die

23
Q

What are the six factors that affect epidemics?

A
  • Source of infection
  • Route of pathogen transmission
  • Susceptibility of population
  • Microbe’s ability to change its antigens
  • Size and mobility of population
  • Virulence and pathogenicity of the microbe
24
Q

What are the three sources of infection?

A
  • Resevoir (natural environment of pathogen from which infection occurs)
  • Vectors (organisms that spread disease from one host to another)
  • Carrier (infected individual, source of infection for others)
25
Q

What are the two kinds of resevoirs?

A
  • Animate
  • Inanimate
26
Q

What are the two types of vectors?

A
  • Insects
  • Animals
27
Q

What are the 6 potential carrier characteristics?

A
  • Active: Sick, large # of microbes
  • Convalescent: Getting better, large # of microbes
  • Healthy: not sick, large # of microbes
  • Incubatory/prodromal: getting sick, large # of microbes
  • casual, acute, transient: only carry for a short time (weeks)
  • Chronic: carry for years or life
28
Q

Contrast vectors and carriers:

A

They are the same

29
Q

What are the three routes of pathogen transmission?

A
  • Airborne (respiratory droplets and dust)
  • Contact (direct vs. indirect (fomites, H2O and food))
  • Vectors (arthropods or mammals
30
Q

What are the three types of vectors in terms of routes of transmission?

A
  • Passive mechanical (carries microbe to host on outside of body)
  • Passive biological (contact with contaminated fluids of vector)
  • Active biological (vector bites, regurgitates, defecates, etc.)
31
Q

What controls the susceptibility of the population?

A

Herd immunity

32
Q

What are the two types of antigenic changes in microbes?

A
  • Antigenic drift
  • Antigenic shift

MIP 300 (13 decks)

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