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MIP 300 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe three factors that affect the outcome of a parasitic relationship

A
  • Number of organisms inoculated
  • Virulence of organism
  • Host’s degree of resistance (immune compentency, lifestyle, living conditions)
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2
Q

What is an infection?

A

When a parasite is multiplying in/on a host

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3
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

When the host cannot function normally due to presence of parasite or its products

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4
Q

What is a pahogen?

A

Parasite that causes disease

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5
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

An organism’s ability to cause disease

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6
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree or intensity of pathogenicity, as indicated by morbidity and mortality rates

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7
Q

What is a symptom?

A

The effects that the host feels that is not outwardly apparent

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8
Q

What is a sign?

A

An outwardly apparent symptom

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9
Q

What are the four phases of infection?

A
  • Incubation period (due to initial exposure, no symptoms)
  • Prodromal stage (mild symptoms)
  • Illness stage (worsening symptoms until plateaus)
  • Convalescent period (symptoms decrease, still contagious)
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10
Q

Describe the iceberg theory of infection:

A

The infections we see (mild or severe symptoms) are the tip of the iceberg on infections

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11
Q

What are three factors that can affect virulence?

A
  • Infectivity: ability to start an infection
  • Invasiveness: ability of organism to spread
  • Pathogenic potential: ability of organism to cause symptoms
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12
Q

List four factors that affect infectivity

A
  • Modes of transmission
  • Ability to adhere to and colonize host
  • Ability to grow in or on host
  • Ability to initially avoid host immune system
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13
Q

What are the two modes of transmission?

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect (vehicles)
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14
Q

What are the 4 methods of direct transmission?

A
  • Horizontal (kissing, sex)
  • Airborne Transmission (respiratory droplets)
  • Vertical (mother to baby)
  • Vector (insect)
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15
Q

What are the three methods of indirect transmission?

A
  • Contact with fomites
  • Soil, H2O, food
  • Airborne droplets or dust
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16
Q

What is a fomite?

A

Inanimate objects that are contaminated

17
Q

What are adhesins?

A

Structures that help adhere to surfaces:
- Fimbriae/pili
- Capsule/glycocalyx/slime layer
- S layer
- Teichoic acid
- Viral capsids and envelopes

18
Q

What is required in a host in order for colonization to take place?

A
  • Correct pH
  • Correct O2 content
  • Correct temperature
19
Q

What microbial products are involved in avoiding the immune system?

A
  • IgA protease - cleaves IgA
  • Leukocidins - kill lysosomes in WBC
  • Capsule - inhibit phagocytosis
20
Q

How are parasites able to hide within a host cell?

A

They survive in a phagocyte (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

21
Q

How do microbes increase their invasiveness?

A
  • Microbial products involved with invasion
  • Tricking host cells into spreading them across mucous membranes and into circulation by living inside macrophages (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
22
Q

What microbial products are involved with invasion?

A
  • H2O2 and NH3(-): damage tissues
  • Collagenase: breaks down collagen
  • Elastase: breaks down basement membrane
  • Hyaluronidase: breaks down connections between cells
  • Lecithinase: breaks down plasma membranes
23
Q

How do bacteria increase their pathogenic potential?

A

Mechanical, chemical or molecular ability to damage host:
- Infections (tissue caused by inavsiveness of microbes, or by toxins produced by microbe in teh host’s body)
- Intoxications (damage due to toxins produced by microbe outside of the host’s body entering the host): exotoxins and endotoxins

24
Q

Name the four types of exotoxins:

A
  • Neurotoxin (affect nervous system)
  • Enterotoxins (affect GI tract)
  • Cytotoxins (affect cellular function)
  • Superantigens (over stimulate immune system and can cause similar response to endotoxin)
25
Q

Give two examples of neurotoxins

A
  • Botulism (flaccid paralysis)
  • Tetanus (spastic paralysis)
26
Q

Give two examples of Enterotoxins

A
  • Vibrio cholera
  • Escherichia coli
27
Q

Give two examples of cytotoxins

A
  • Corynebacterium diphtheria inhibits protein synthesis which results in cell death and inflammation
  • Clostridium perfingens damages plasma membrane which breaks down muscle tissue and causes gas gangrene
28
Q

Give an example of a superantigen

A

Staphylococcus aureus TSST1 (Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1)

29
Q

What bacteria can make endotoxins?

A

Gram negative

30
Q

What bacteria can make exotoxins?

A

Gram positive and Gram Negative

31
Q

How do exotoxins cause shock?

A
  • AB toxin pathways (one part of the toxin opens up a channel while the other part enters the cell)
  • Type 3 Secretion system (Bacteria attaches directly to host cell and effectors enter into the host)
32
Q

How do endotoxins cause septic shock?

A
  • Lipid A activates clotting factor XII which activates and overstimulates 4 different systems
  • The systems all release endogenous mediators which causes shock across body systems.
33
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

Toxiuns that have been inactivated via chemicals or heat

34
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

Antibodies that target the toxin, also known as antiserum.

MIP 300 (13 decks)

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