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MIP 300 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Self and non-self substances that elicit an immune response?

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2
Q

What is another term for an antigen?

A

Immunogens

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3
Q

What are the six methods the innate immune response protects you against infection?

A
  1. Physical Barriers
  2. Chemical Barriers
  3. Molecular Defenses
  4. Cellular Defenses
  5. Inflammation
  6. Fever
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4
Q

What is an innate immunity?

A

Nonspecific immunity that protects against many microbes.

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5
Q

What is an acquired immunity?

A

Specfied immunity that protects against one specific epitope.

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6
Q

What are the two branches of acquired immunity?

A
  • Humoral Branch (B cells and antibodies)
  • Cell-Mediated Branch (T cells)
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7
Q

What are the methods of innate physical barriers in the human body?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
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8
Q

What are the areas of the body that have mucous membranes for innate immunity?

A
  • Respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • Genitourinary tract
  • Eye
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9
Q

How does the skin act as an innate physical barrier?

A

The epidermis is made of tightly packed keratinocytes that produce keratin, which makes the skin slightly acidic and salty. It also sheds its top dead cell layer

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10
Q

How do microbes respond to skin?

A

Making enzymes and chemicals to invade skin, and targeting any damage to skins (ex. wounds)

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11
Q

What are some examples of microbes that invade the skin?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial), ringworm (fungus), leishmaniasis (protozoal)

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12
Q

How do mucous membranes act as innate physical barriers?

A
  • Architecture of columnar cells to prevent penetration
  • Mucus is a thick, gel-like substance that traps microbes and prevents adhesion
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13
Q

How do microbes respond to mucous membranes?

A

Resist or digest mucus; look for areas that are affected by smoking (dead cilia), asthma and cystic fibrosis

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14
Q

What are examples of microbes that affect the mucous membranes?

A

Cholera (bacterial), giardia (protozoal), and influenza (viral)

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15
Q

How does the respiratory tract specifically provide physical innate immunity?

A
  • Mucociliary escalator (cilia and mucus trap propel microbes away from lungs and into throat)
  • Coughing/sneezing expels microbes
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16
Q

How do microbes respond to the respiratory tract?

A

They inhibit cilia action, rendering the mucociliary elevator nearly useless

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17
Q

What are examples of microbes that affect the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract?

A

Bordetella pertussis/whooping cough (Bacterial), influenza (viral), measles (viral)

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18
Q

How does the GI tract specifically provide innate physical immunity?

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Saliva
  • Stomach acid
19
Q

How do microbes respond to saliva?

A

Resist saliva, strong adhesins, capsules and slime layers

20
Q

What is an example of a microbe that resists saliva?

A

Streptococcus mutans (bacterial)

21
Q

What are examples of pH resistant microbes that resist stomach acid?

A

Heliobacter pylori (bacterial) and Staphylococcus aureus toxin

22
Q

What are some form resistant spoes/cysts that resist stomach acid?

A

Clostridium spores and protozoan cysts

23
Q

How does the genitourinary tract specifically provide physical innate immunity?

A
  • Urinary flushing
  • Cervical mucus and prostatic fluid contain antimicrobial enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
  • Vagina is acidic
24
Q

How does the eye specifically provide physical innate immunity?

A

Continuously flushes with lacrimal fluid (tears) which contain lysozyme and lactoferrin.

25
Q

What is the major innate chemical barrier produced by the human body?

A

Sweat

26
Q

What are the antimicrobial aspects of sweat?

A

Antimicrobial enzymes (lysozyme) and peptides (defensins, lactoferrin, transferrin, and bacteriocin)

27
Q

What are the two major molecular defenses of innate immunity?

A
  • Complement
  • Type I Interferons - anti-viral action, which are a type of cytokine
28
Q

What is a complement?

A

20 proteins (C1-C9) form a cascade, which activates the next. It is made in the liver and circulate in plasma in an inactivated form

29
Q

What are the main functions of the complement cascade?

A
  • Opsonization
  • Direct lysis of bacteria and enveloped viruses
  • Inflammation
30
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Some components bind to viruses and bacteria so they can be better taken up by macrophages and cleared. Macrophages have complement receptors.

31
Q

How does the complement lyse bacteria and enveloped viruses?

A

The membrane attack complex (MAC) C9 polymerizes and inserts into membrane

32
Q

How does the complement cascade help in inflammation?

A

Some of the components are involved in inflammation process (C3a)

33
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Protein communication molecules

34
Q

What are the cells that are used in innate cellular defenses?

A

Blood plasma and “formed elements”

35
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells that are involved in innate cellular defenses?

A
  • Granulocytes (contain toxic molecules)
  • Agranulocytes (No toxic molecules)
36
Q

What cells are granulocytes and what are their specific functions?

A
  • Neutrophil (1st), phagocytosis and hydrolytic enzymes
  • Eosinophils fight parasites and allergies
  • Basophils and Mast Cells vasoactive mediators - release histamine (inflammation); allergies
37
Q

What cells are agranulocytes and what are their specific functions?

A
  • Natural Killer Cells (NK) - kill infected cells and tumor cells
  • Monocytes/Macrophages - present antigen to T cells
  • Dendritic cells - present antigen to T cells
  • Lymphocytes - specific immunity
38
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes eat or engulf other cells or materials

39
Q

What are examples of phagocytes and where are they located?

A
  • Macrophages (called monocytes when in blood) - resident in specific tissues and stand guard at entry portals and wounds
  • Dendritic Cells - present in skin and mucosa
  • Neutrophils - circulate in blood; first responders
40
Q

How does inflammation work as innate immunity?

A
  • Tissue injury and bacteria
  • Chemical mediators (histamine) released by resident mast cells and tissue cells
  • Neutrophils roll and stop (margination)
  • Extravasation - neutrophils squeeze between cellular junctions (squeezing reffered to as diapedesis)
41
Q

How does histamine cause inflammation?

A

Activation of vascular endothelium which increases vascular permeability and vasodilation (blood slows) and the “sticky” adhesion molecules go up

42
Q

How does a fever occur?

A

Hypothalamus controls body temp and is triggered by pyrogens that cause fever such as LPS and exotoxins from bacteria (exogenous) or macrophages that release IL-1 from the host (endogenous)

43
Q

List the four major benefits of fever

A
  • Slows growth rate of microbes
  • Inactivates some bacterial toxins
  • Increases immune system activity
  • Forces a person to feel ill so rest occurs
44
Q

What is an antipyretic?

A

A drug or substance that reduces fever

MIP 300 (13 decks)

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