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* CELS191 > Lecture 12: Unique plant structures > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Unique plant structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

A plant cell minus the cell wall.

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2
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Narrow channels between two cell walls.

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3
Q

How many membranes surround the vacuole?

A

One.

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4
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

The single membrane around the vacuole. It is highly selective.

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5
Q

How many vacuoles do plant cells usually have?

A

Young plant cells often have many small vacuoles, but mature plant cells typically have one large vacuole.

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6
Q

How are vacuoles produced?

A

Vacuoles are produced by the golgi associated endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

What are the three main functions of a vacuole?

A

Storage - Primary and secondary metabolites
Breakdown of macromolecules and organelles
Regulation of cell turgor

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8
Q

Where are metabolites stored in plant cells?

A

In the vacuole.

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9
Q

Which metabolites are growth associated?

A

Primary metabolites are growth associated, Secondary metabolites are not growth associated.

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10
Q

The tonoplast is a __________ membrane that controls the movement of substances into and out of the vacuole.

A

The tonoplast is a selective membrane that controls the movement of substances into and out of the vacuole.

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11
Q

What are the 6 main primary metabolites in vacuoles?

A 
Inorganic ions
Organic acids
Sugars
Amino acids
Proteins
Lipids
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12
Q

Can water pass through the tonoplast freely?

A

Yes.

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13
Q

What are two types of secondary metabolites?

A

Molecules for defence

Molecules for signalling

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14
Q

What are 3 examples of defence molecules?

A
  • Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)
  • Raphides in vacuoles (Raphides are needle shaped crystals of calcium oxalate)
  • Alkaloids. Have a toxic effect on animals. Used in drugs e.g., cocaine, morphine, codeine, quinine
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15
Q

What is an example of signalling molecules?

A

Catharanthus roseus pigment. Used in Vincristine &/or Vinblastine

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16
Q

How are plant cells produced artificially?

A

Using a cell culture (can be genetically modified). Economical (efficient) and ecological benefits.

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17
Q

What is Anthocyanin?

A

A pigment used for attracting animals and pollinators to plants.

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18
Q

Where are anthocyanins stored?

A

In the vacuole.

19
Q

Where are organelles and macromolecules digested in a plant cells?

A

In the vacuole. (Digestion of cytoplasmic constituents)

20
Q

Vacuoles are ALKALINE/ACIDIC and contain ________ enzymes similar to the lysosomal enzymes of animal cells

A

Vacuoles are acidic and contain hydrolytic enzymes similar to the lysosomal enzymes of animal cells

21
Q

What decides what enters and exits the vacuole?

A

The tonoplast. Tonoplast control can vary depending on the environment and cell type.

22
Q

Because they contain water and
make up such a large portion of the
protoplast, vacuoles can play a role
in the ____________ __ _____ _______.

A

Because they contain water and
make up such a large portion of the
protoplast, vacuoles can play a role
in the regulation of cell turgor.

23
Q

How is turgor developed?

A

High concentrations of solutes in the vacuoles have a negative osmotic potential, resulting in water up take. The plant cell wall enables water up
take without bursting.

24
Q

Loss of water from vacuoles _________ turgor pressure

A

Loss of water from vacuoles decreases turgor pressure

25
Q

What is wilting?

A

A loss of turgor pressure.

26
Q

What the 4 steps in the plastid origin theory?

A
  1. Non-photosynthetic eukaryote
  2. Engulfing of Photosynthetic prokaryote
  3. Chloroplast becomes a semi-autonomous organelle
  4. Photosynthetic eukaryote
27
Q

What is the DNA in chloroplasts called and what shape does it have?

A

ctDNA, circular.

28
Q 
Although \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains
information for the formation of
many chloroplast proteins, some
proteins found in the chloroplast
are encoded by genes present in
the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the cell.
A 
Although ctDNA contains
information for the formation of
many chloroplast proteins, some
proteins found in the chloroplast
are encoded by genes present in
the nucleus of the cell.
29
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

photosynthesis: Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy

30
Q

What is the function of chromoplasts?

A

synthesis and storage of coloured pigments

31
Q

What is the function of leucoplasts?

A

storage of assimilates (starch)

32
Q

What is the function of proplastids?

A

precursors to the other plastids

33
Q

What are 4 similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A
  • bounded by two membranes
  • contain nucleic acids
  • outer membrane highly permeable
  • inner membrane more selective
34
Q

What is a unique feature of chloroplasts in terms of its membranes?

A

It has a third membrane system.

35
Q

Where are the thylakoid membrane systems found?

A

In the chloroplast.

36
Q

Where are lumens found?

A

Inside of thylakoid

37
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the chloroplast?

A

Inner, out, thylakoid

38
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the chloroplast?

A

Stroma, thylakoid space, and intermembrane space.

39
Q

Where do dark reactions take place in the chloroplast?

A

In the stroma.

40
Q

Where do light reactions take place in the chloroplast?

A

On the thylakoid membranes.

41
Q

As fruit ripens _____________are converted to __________.

A

As fruit ripens chloroplasts are converted to chromoplasts.

42
Q

What are the major structural differences between chloroplast and chromoplasts?

A

Chromoplasts have increased carotenoids (pigments) and decreased thylakoid membranes.

43
Q

What do leucoplasts store?

A

Pigments, protein, lipids or starch.

* CELS191 (12 decks)

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