Lecture 10 Flashcards
What three things is ATP involved with?
- Energy transfer
- RNA synthesis
- Neurotransmission
What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis?
Exergonic (releases energy)
Which reaction produces heat in shivering?
ATP hydrolysis
Why does ATP hydrolysis produce such a large amount of energy?
P-P-P bonds
ATP hydrolysis couples to ___________ cellular reactions
ATP hydrolysis couples to endergonic cellular reactions.
What is reaction coupling in terms of ATP?
An energetically favourable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable (endergonic) reaction.
Coupling is often achieved through the transfer of the __________
• forms a ___________ -___________
• which may be _____ reactive
• and thus allow a reaction to proceed
coupling often achieved through the transfer of the phosphate • forms a phosphorylated intermediate • which may be more reactive • and thus allow a reaction to proceed
How does ATP create active transport?
- ATP forms a phosphorylated intermediate
- which may change the shape of the molecule
- allows the active transport of molecules
How many ATP molecules does a single muscle cell use every second/
10^6
What is ATP regenerated from?
regenerated from ADP + P
What type of reaction is ATP regeneration?
an energy requiring (endergonic) reaction
Where does the energy required for ATP regeneration come from?
energy obtained from cellular respiration
What are two types of catabolism without oxygen?
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration.
Some prokaryotes substitute for ________ in respiration.
Some prokaryotes substitute for oxygen in respiration.
What happens in cellular respiration?
Organic molecule (C6H12O6) + O2 produces CO2 + H2O + Energy.
What is oxidation?
electron loss
What is reduction?
Electron gain
During reduction, where do electrons move, and what does this cause?
Nearer to the oxygen nucleus. Energy released. (this is the energy the cell captures and puts to work)
Energy is required to pull electrons away from the ________ ________ _________.
energy is required to pull electrons away from the positive atomic nucleus
How does cellular respiration harvest the energy in food molecules?
cellular respiration harvests the energy in C-H bonds in food molecules by transferring the electrons to O2.
In cellular respiration, what are electrons stripped from glucose transferred to?
NAD (an electron carrier)
What is NADH used to power?
The electron transport chain
a dehydrogenase enzyme removes _____
hydrogen atoms from ________ and transfers the _____ electrons plus ____ H+ to NAD+ forming NADH.
a dehydrogenase enzyme removes two hydrogen atoms from glucose and transfers the 2 electrons plus 1 H+ to NAD+ forming NADH.
What is the function of ATP synthase?
To make ATP from ADP + P
How does ATP synthase work? (5)
It uses the H+ gradient to power ATP formation.
• H+ ions flow into a half channel • H+ ions bind to the rotor and change its shape • rotor spins • after one turn of the rotor H+ ions exit to the mitochondrial matrix • rotor turns the rod which activates catalytic sites to produce ATP
