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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 12: Renal/Urinary II > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Renal/Urinary II Flashcards

1
Q

Free catch urine sample likely is __ by lower urinary tract, reproductive tract, or GI tract

A

contaminated

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2
Q

catheter urine samples may have increase numbers of __ and/or __

A

epithelial cells and/or hemorrhage

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3
Q

what is preferred method for urine sample collection

A

cystocentesis

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4
Q

how can cold urine effect USG

A

false increase USG

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5
Q

how can old urine effect analysis

A
  1. Overgrowth bacteria
  2. Increase pH
  3. Crystal formation
  4. Degradation of cells, casts
  5. Salt precipitation- turbid
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6
Q

red urine = __ if forms pellet after centrifuged

A

Hematuria

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7
Q

amber to brown urine =

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

red to brown urine = __ if not cleared after centrifugation

A

hemoglobin or myoglobin

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9
Q

turbid urine could mean __, __ or __ are present

A

mucus, cells, crystals

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10
Q

t or f: turbid urine can be normal in horses

A

true

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11
Q

what diseases are associated with Polyuria

A

renal disease, diseases that cause medullary washout, diseases that cause NDI and CDI

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12
Q

what diseases can cause oliguria

A

dehydration, fever, acute or chronic renal disease

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13
Q

what diseases or issues can cause anuria

A

urinary tract obstruction, acute kidney injury- toxins

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14
Q

chemical composition of urine is most often measures with __

A

urine dipstick

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15
Q

what is normal pH range for dogs and cats, and ruminants and horses

A

dogs and cats: 5.5-7.5
Cows and horses: 7.5-8.5

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16
Q

Can get false proteinuria on dipstick with acidic or alkaline pH

A

alkaline

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17
Q

t or f: hemorrhage can increase protein in urine

A

true

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18
Q

what are some causes of pre-renal proteinuria

A

hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, Ig light chains, hypertension

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19
Q

what are some causes of renal proteinuria

A
  1. Glomerular disease
  2. Tubular disease
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20
Q

what are some causes for post-renal proteinuria

A

inflammation and/or hemorrhage in bladder or urogenital tract

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21
Q

what is UPC used for

A

quantify renal protein loss in relation to creatinine in urine

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22
Q

marked proteinuria with UPC >2 is associated with what disease

A

glomerular disease

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23
Q

what protein is primarily lost in glomerular disease and what can that lead to

A

albumin—> edema—> nephrotic syndrome

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24
Q

mild proteinuria with UPC <2 is associated with what disease

A

tubular disease

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25
Q

what proteins are lost in tubular disease

A

small globulins

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26
Q

what may you see on urinalysis with tubular disease

A

casts

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27
Q

when is UPC not indicated

A

active sediment- presence of blood and/or inflammation (only used for renal proteinuria)

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28
Q

what is renal threshold for glucose for cats, dogs, horses, and ruminants

A

Cats: 280 mg/dl
Dogs: 180mg/dl
Horses; 150mg/dl
Cows: 100mg/dl

29
Q

glucuosuria leads to ___

A

osmotic diuresis

30
Q

what are some causes of glucosuria with hyperglycemia

A
  1. DM
  2. Dextrose administration
    3, excitement or stress (mild)
31
Q

what are some causes of glucosuria without hyperglycemia

A
  1. Excitement or stress
  2. Hereditary or acquired renal tubular defects
32
Q

what is fanconi syndrome

A

disease of multiple resorptive defects in proximal tubules- AA, phosphate, glucose, bicarb, calcium, potassium

33
Q

fanconi syndrome can be due to resistance to __ leading to nephrogenic DI

34
Q

what are some common clinical findings of fanconi syndrome

A
  1. Euglycemia with glucosuria
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Isothenuria
35
Q

what breed is fanconi syndrome common in

36
Q

what can cause false ketonuria

A
  1. High USG, low pH
  2. Old samples, excess moisture to dipstick pad
37
Q

what are some causes of ketonuria

A
  1. DM
  2. Starvation
  3. Hypoglycemic disorders - severe GI malabsorption
38
Q

does dipstick measure conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin

A

conjugated

39
Q

t or f: bilirubinuria can be normal in dogs, but never normal in cats

40
Q

urine sample and dog what wrong

A

Bilirubinuria

41
Q

what is Hematuria and what are some causes

A

intact RBC’s in urine
Hemorrhage into lower urinary tract

42
Q

what is hemoglobinuria and what is cause

A

hgb lysed from rBC in plasma

Intravascular hemolysis

43
Q

What is myoglobinuria and cause

A

mgb from plasma
Severe muscle damage

44
Q

Which is indicative of Hematuria and hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria. How differentiate hemo vs myo

A

left: Hematuria- RBC’s at bottom after centrifuge
Right: hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
- hemoglobinuria- red plasma, anemia
- myoglobinuria- clear plasma, increased CK

45
Q

t or f: squamous epithelial cells in urine is significant

A

false no clinical significance

46
Q

t or f: transitional epithelial cells are clinically significant

A

false- unless neoplastic

47
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Squamous epithelial cells
  2. Transitional epithelial cells
  3. Transitional cell carcinoma
48
Q

how do RBC appear in urine

A

red- green

49
Q

> __ RBC/hpf in urine is considered significant

50
Q

Urine: identify left and right image

A

left: rBC
Right: fat droplets

51
Q

> __WBC/hpf is considered significant (pyuria) when no blood contamination. What should you look for

A

5
Look for infection, neoplasia, urolith, other causes of inflammation

52
Q

urine what these

53
Q

what these and what type of urine found in

A

struvite
Alkaline urine

54
Q

what these. What type of urine found in. What species normal in

A

calcium carbonate- alkaline urine
Normal in horses and rabbits

55
Q

what these, what type of urine

A

calcium oxalate dehydrate- acidic urine

56
Q

what these- what should you be concerned about

A

calcium oxalate monohydrate
Concern for ethylene glycol toxicity- renal azotemia

57
Q

what these and what do they suggest. What dog breeds normal in

A

ammonium biurate
Concern for PSS or severe liver disease

Normal in Dalmatians and English bulldogs

58
Q

what this, what seen with, normal in who

A

uric acid
Seen with liver disease
Normal in Dalmatians and English bulldogs

59
Q

what these, what type of urine, what defect

A

cystine
Acidic urine
Inherited defect in cysteine metabolism of renal tubules

60
Q

what conditions favor cast formation

A
  1. High salt concentration
  2. Acidic environment
  3. Fluid stasis
  4. Presence of protein matrix
61
Q

> __ hyaline casts/lpf is significant

62
Q

what do cellular casts indicate

A
  1. Active tubular degeneration and necrosis
  2. Active inflammation
63
Q

what do granular casts indicate

A
  1. Tubular degeneration, necrosis, inflammation
64
Q

> __granular casts/lpf is considered significant

65
Q

what do waxy casts indicate

A

deterioration and solidification of granular casts- chronic renal disease

66
Q

identify casts 1-9

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Hyaline with fat
  3. Hyaline to fine granular
  4. Cellular
  5. Cellular to coarse granular
  6. Coarsely granular
  7. Finely granular
  8. Granular to waxy
  9. Waxy
67
Q

identify casts 1-4

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Cellular cast
  3. Granular cast
  4. Waxy cast
68
Q

identify the following parasites

A

Left: Stephanurus dentatus: swine kidney worm

Middle; pearsonema- bladder worm of dogs, cats

Righ: dioctophyma renale: giant kidney worm of dog (right kidney)

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

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