Lecture 5: White blood cells I Flashcards
Where are leukocyte precursors located
bone marrow
what are the circulating leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
which leukocytes are the granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
which leukocytes are mononuclear cells
monocytes, lymphocytes
what is leukopoeisis
stem cells in bone marrow capable of self-renewal or differentiation
what cell and what species is in bottom right
Neutrophil
Bottom right- bovine (pinker)
what cell
eosinophils
what cell
basophils
What cell
monocytes
what cell
Lymphocyte
what is the most predominant leukocyte in healthy dogs, cats, and horses
Mature neutrophils
during neutrophil development stem cells in the bone marrow are stimulated by __ to become __
cytokines, myeloblasts
what is the immature neutrophil
band neutrophil
what are the 3 neutrophil pools
- Bone marrow pool- proliferative, maturation, storage
- Blood pool- circulating, marinating
- Tissue pool
What are the 3 pools within the bone marrow pool and what types of neutrophils are within each pool
- Proliferative- myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte
- Maturation- metamyelocyte, band neutrophil
- Storage pool- segmented neutrophil
which neutrophil pool is measured by analyzer and seen on blood smear
circulating pool
which Species has a very small neutrophil storage pool and therefore common to see __with acute inflammation
cows, neutropenia
neutrophils undergo apoptosis by __ in __, __and __
macrophages, in spleen, liver and bone marrow
what are the 2 young neutrophils released from bone marrow when there is overwhelming inflammation
- Toxic neutrophils
- Band neutrophils
what is it called when band neutrophils are released
left shift
what type of neutrophils are seen here
left: band neutrophil
Right: segmente
toxic neutrophils indicate __
robust inflammation
what are the cytoplasmic changes seen with toxic neutrophils
- Cytoplasmic basophilia
- Cytoplasmic vacuolation
- Dohle bodies
- Toxic granulation (horses)
what is seen here and what does that indicate
toxic neutrophil- indicates robust inflammation
when are band neutrophils released
severe, overwhelming inflammation
what is morphology of band neutrophil
cytoplasm similar to segmented neutrophil, nucleus is U or S-shaped
how do neutrophils change with inflammation
- Start of inflammation- increase release of mature neutrophils
- Then release toxic neutrophils
- Then release band neutrophils
neutrophils defend primarily against what microorganisms
bacteria
what is function of neutrophil extracellular traps
DNA and histones that kill microbes
what are heterophils
functionally equivalent to neutrophils- rod shaped pink to red granules in avian, reptiles, rabbits, guinea pigs, and elephants
from rabbit- what this
heterophils
which species can have normal dohle bodies up to 10% in neutrophils
cats
eosinophils have round granules in most species except __, rod shaped
cats
which species has large, rounded eosinophil granules
horses
eosinophil nucleus is __ and __
multilobulated and constricted
what are eosinophils associated with
worms, wheezes and weird diseases
most tissue eosinophils are in the ___
GI mucosa
eosinophils have poor host defense against __ and __, but provide defense against __
Poor-bacteria and viruses
Good- helminth infections
What Type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with eosinophils
type I
basophil granules contain most __measured in blood
histamine
basophils provide protective immunity against __
helminths
what is the most predominant leukocyte in healthy cows, other ruminants, rats and mice
lymphocytes
what is N:C ratio in lymphocytes
high
lymphocytes provide defense against __ and ___
viruses and tumor cells
what leukocyte is important in immunosuppression
lymphocytes
T lymphocytes provide __ immunity
cellular
B lymphocytes provide __ immunity and produce __
humoral, antibodies
what is the large WBC
monocytes
monocytes emigrate to tissues, once in tissues differentiate to __
macrophages
what are macrophages called in liver, lungs, joints, CNS, and skin and lymphoid organs
liver- kupffer cells
Lungs- alveolar macrophages
Joints- type A synoviocytes
CNS- microglial cells
Skin and lymphoid organs- dendritic cells
what are the main functions of monocytes/macrophages
- Phagocytosis
- Antigen presentation to T- lymphocytes
- Production of cytokines involved in inflammation. And hematopoiesis
- Tissue repair and remodeling
monocytes/macrophages have greater defense against __, __ and __ than neutrophils
helminths, Protozoa, and neutrophils
Physiologic __ can be seen in horses < 2yrs old
leukocytosis
SAA and fibrinogen in horses are good indicator of __
inflamamtion
cows with acute inflammation have rapid drop in WBC leading to __
neutropenia
why do cows have rapid neutropenia with acute inflammation
slower BM response to demand
guinea pigs have magenta inclusions in some lymphocytes called __
kurloff bodies
what cells are not seen in circulation of healthy patients
- Band and toxic neutrophils
2, reactive lymphocytes - Activated monocytes
- Mast cells
- Neoplastic cells
cells not typically seen in circulation in healthy patients can result in analyzer __ count discrepancies
leukocyte
what are these
left: band neutrophil
Right: toxic neutrophil
toxic neutrophils indicate robust inflammation what are the inflammatory P diseases and the other one disease they are seen with
pneumonia, pleuritis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, prostatitis, pyometra
IMHA
what are arrows pointing at and what cell
dohle bodies
Toxic neutrophil
reactive lymphocytes indicate __
antigen stimulation
what cell are these, what is difference between them and what does that mean
lymphocytes
Left: small differentiated lymphocyte
Middle: intermediate lymphocyte, and neutrophil
Right: large reactive lymphocyte
what diseases or reactions are associated with reactive lymphocytes
- Young animals
- Recent vaccination
- Tick borne disease
- Any disease with antigenic stimulation (inflammation)
What cell are 1-2 and wht is difference
- Small mature lymphocyte
- Reactive lymphocyte
t or f: normal to see mast cells in circulation
false
seeing mast cells on blood film indicates __ or __
inflammation or neoplasia
mastocythemia in dogs 75% of time= __
inflammatory disease
mastocythemia in cats 75% of time = __
mast cell neoplasia
what are some inflammation conditions associated with mastocythemia
enteritis (parvovirus), pleuritis, peritonitis
what are some neoplastic disorders associated with mastocythemia
- Systemic mast cell disease
- Mast cell leukemia
acute myeloid/lymphocytic leukemia is seen in what aged animals
any age
what age is affected by chronic myeloid/ lymphocytic leukemia
older, usually dogs
left is blood smear from 3yr old dog, right is blood smear from 10yr old dog. What likely problem in each
Left: acute myeloid/ lymphocytic leukemia
Right: chronic myeloid lymphocytic leukemia
horse- what cause and cell
neutrophil
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
dog- what cause
E. Ewingii
dog- what cause
Ehrlichia canis
what wrong
Histoplasma capsulatum
what cause
hepatozoon spp
What this
dirofilaria immitis
not always possible to determine cell of origin on blood smear/cytology alone (especially for acute leukemias)- what other diagnostic tests can you do
PARR_ PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement
Flow cytometry
what is PARR best for
differentiating reactive/ inflammatory lymphocytosis vs lymphocytic leukemia
what is flow cytometry best for
phenotyping a lymphoma or leukemia (B or T, monocytic)
