Lecture 6: WBC II Flashcards
For WBC counts should you interpret absolute count or percentage and why
absolute-established reference intervals
what is leukocytosis
absolute wBC # increased
what is leukopenia
absolute WBC # decreased
what wrong in each photo
left- leukocytosis
Right: leukopenia
define cytosis in terms of leukocytes
increased # of mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytosis, monocytosis)
define Philia in terms of leukocytes
increased # segmented leukocytes (neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia)
what is cause of stress leukcon
corticosteroids
what BW signs seeen with stress leukogram
- Lymphopenia!
- +/- neutrophilia
- +/- monocytosis
- +/- eosinopenia
what is cause of physiologic leukogram
fear/excitement= epinephrine release
what species most commonly have physiologic leukogram
horses
what signs are seen with physiologic leukogram
- Lymphocytosis
- +/- neutrophilia
what is seen in inflammatory leukogram
at least one of the following
2. Marked mature neutrophilia
2. Neutropenia
3. Left shift
4. Monocytosis in cat, horse, cow
5. Toxic neutrophils
what cells are supportive of inflammation on blood smear
- Toxic neutrophils
- Reactive lymphocytes
what can cause inflammatory neutrophilia
- P’s- pyometra, pyothorax, pancreatitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, prostatitis
- Hepatozoonosis
- IMHA
- Neoplastic disorders
what are some causes of neutropenia
- Utilization/increased migration into tissues due to severe inflammation (most common)
- Decreased production
- Destruction
what are some diseases associated with neutropenia
- Any acute inflammation in cattle
- Endotoxemia in horses
- Sepsis and SIRS
- Canine parvovirus
- FeLV and FIV
- Bone marrow disease
what are some causes of lymphocytosis
- Epi response- physiologic leukogram
- Inflammatory leukocytes
- Vaccinations
- Rickettsial infection
- Viral infection
in what viral infection in cows do we see persistent lymphocytosis
BLV infection leading to B-lymphocyte hyperplasia
what are some causes of lymphopenia
- Excess corticosteroids (most common)
- Loss of lymphocyte rich lymph (chylothorax, intestinal Lymphangiectasia)
monocytosis always = __ in cats, horses and ruminants
inflamamtion
what is eosinophilia seen with
worms, wheezes and weird diseases (MCT, EGC, EL)
basophilia is often seen with concurrent ___ and/or increased circulating __
eosinophilia, mast cells
what are some causes of basophilia
- Allergic/hypersensitivity run
- Parasitic infections
Define Leukemia
neoplastic cells in blood and/or bone marrow
with leukemia often see very __ total WBC count as well as __ and __
high, anemia and thrombocytopenia
what cells predominant in acute leukemia
immature/undifferenitiated (blast) cells in bone marrow
what BW signs are seen with leukemia
anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
what is the predominating cell in chronic leukemia
maturing/differenitiating cells in bone marrow
what type of anemia would you see with chronic leukemia
mild nonregenerative anemia of chronic disease
what diagnostic tests can you do to subtype leukemia
- Immunocytochemistry of bone marrow cytology
- Immunohistochemistry of bone marrow core biopsy
immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry both detect __ on cells by immunologic and chemical reactions
antigens
Case ex: 3yr, M, Devon Rex with hx of anorexia, lethargy, 2 episodes of vomiting, PE- dehydrated. Characterize the erythron and leukon
erythron:
1. Hematocrit low- anemic
2. MCV- normocytic
3. MCHC: normchromic
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation
Leukon:
1. Segmented neutrophils high- neutrophilia
2. Band neutrophils- normal
3. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia
stress leukon
Case ex: 4yr M, beagle with hx vomiting , diarrhea and anorexia past 24hrs. PE- pain on abdominal palpation. Characterize erythron and leukon
Erythron:
1. Total protein- high (dehydration)
2. Hematocrit- high- dehydrated
3. MCV- normocytic
4. MCHC: normochromic
Dehydration
Leukon
1. WBC count high- leukocytosis
2. Segmented neutrophils high- neutrophilia
3. Band neutrophils high- robust inflammation
4. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia
5. Monocytes high- monocytosis
6. Eosinophils- low- eosinopenia
Stress leukon
Inflammatory leukon
case ex: 5yr FS mixed breed dog, hx of lethargy for several days. PE- pale MM, increased CRT. Characterize erythron and leukon.
RBC morphology- marked spherocytosis, marked polychromasia and ansiocytosis
WBC morphology- moderate toxic neutrophils
What likely dx
Erythron:
1. Hematocrit low-anemic
2. MCV: high- macrocytic
3. MCHC: low- hypochromic
4. Absolute retic- high- regenerative anemia
Leukon
1. WBC count-high- leukocytosis
2. Segmented neutrophils- high- neutrophilia
3. Band neutrophils- normal
4. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia
5. Monocytes- high-monocytosis
6. Eosinopenia
Stress leukon
Inflammatory leukon
Spherocytes- extravascular hemolysis
Top dx: IMHA with thrombocytopenia (Evans syndrome)
case ex: 3yr old Holstein cow with hx of anorexia and swollen, painful udder. PE- depressed, excessive salivation. Characterize erythron and leukon. Normal WBC and RBC morphology What likely dx
Erythron
1. Fibrinogen high- inflammation
2. Hematocrit low- anemic
3. MCV- normocytic
4. MCHC- normochromic
5. Retic count- normal
Non-regenerative anemia- anemia of chronic disease/inflammation
Leukon
1. WBC count- normal
2. Segmented neutrophils low- neutropenia (inflammation)
3. Everything else WNL
Elevated Fibrinogen and neutropenia support inflammation and given clinical signs likely mastitis
