Lecture 10: Introduction to Cytology Flashcards
define cytology
diagnostic tool in which individual cells are examined microscopically
what are the advantages of cytology
- Rapid
- Minimally invasive
- No special equipment
- Easy to obtain
- Inexpensive
what are the limitations of cytology
lack of architectural detail
2. Specimen may not be representative
which image represents cytology vs histology of liver and why
Left: cytology
Right: histology- more architectural elements
what are some methods of sample collection for cytology
- FNA
- Scrapes and swabs
- Smears and imprints
describe appropriate sample submission to increase likelihood of getting dx
- Sample numerous times- beware of necrotic centers and fibrous capsules
- Submit all slides, air dried, unstained
what makes a cytology a good quality specimen
- Cellular
- Monogamy
- Intact cells
- Minimal hemodilution
- Free of artifact
good or poor quality cytology
good- cellular, monolayer, intact cells, free of artifact
Good or bad cytology
bad- lysed or damaged cells
good or bad cytologies and what wrong
Bad
Top: contaminated with yeast
Middle: ultrasound gel
Bottom: stain precipitates
How would you classify this cytology/lesion and why. What are some possible causes
degenerative lesions: hematoma, seroma, cyst
Low cellularity, proteinaceous background, macrophages, possible secondary inflammation
what could have caused this cytology appearance, what is in photo to right
hematoma- erythrophagia, hemosiderin, hematoma in
Right: cholesterol crystals
sample taken from skin- what this
Inclusion cyst- keratin follicular cyst on skin
what cells do you see with inflammatory lesions
neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils
what do you see with septic vs non-septic inflammatory lesions
septic- organisms
Nonseptic-sterile
classify this lesion
Septic- organisms, suppurative inflammation- degenerative neutrophils
Classify this lesion
pyogranulomatous inflammation- multinucleated cells, neutrophils, fungal organisms
if you see neutrophils what organisms should you look for
bacteria- cocci, rods
if you see mixed, pyogranulomatous inflammation what organisms should you look for
- Bacteria- mycobacterium, filamentous bacteria
- Fungi
if you see eosinophils what organism should you look for
parasites
what organism seen here
Cocci bacteria
what organisms seen here
Bacilli bacteria, budding yeast
What organisms seen here
filamentous bacteria (actinomyces or nocardia)
what organism seen here
Mycobacteria: - stain, stains macrophage, but not organism
what fungal structure is see here and what are some examples of fungal organisms with this structure
fungal hyphae
Ex: aspergillosis, penicilliosis, candidiasis
what this
Malassezia (yeast)
what infections are malassezia pachydermatitis associated with
superficial skin infection or ear infection
what this
Sporothrix schneckii (yeast)
describe appearance of sporothrix schenckii
light blue cytoplasm, with pink/purple eccentrically placed nucelus, thin clear cell wall
if budding present in sporothrix schenckii is it narrow or broad based
narrow
what lesions are sporothrix schenckii associated with
skin lesions
what these
histo plasma capsule Tim
describe appearance of histoplasma
light blue cytoplasm with pink/purple eccentrically placed, crescent shaped nucleus with clear cell wall (not cigar shaped)
if budding present with histoplasma will it be narrow or broad based
narrow
what lesions is histoplasma associated with
systemic lesions
what this and what are two main organisms
cryptococcus- C neoformans or C. Gattii
how does Cryptococcus appear
thick, non-staining, light pink polysaccharide capsule
do cryptococcus spp have narrow or broad based budding
narrow
what lesions is cryptococcus associated with
nasal cavity and CNS lesions
what is this
Blastomyces
describe appearance of blastomyces
deeply basophilic, round yeasts
do blastomyces have narrow or broad based budding
broad
presence/absence of budding and travel hx can distinguish blastomyces and coccidiodes. Where in US is blastomyces more common and which one has budding
Ohio and Mississippi River valley and Great Lake regions
Blastomyces broad based budding
what lesions are blastomyces associated with
systemic lesions
what this
coccidiodes
describe appearance of coccidiodes
deeply basophilic, round spherules, mature spherules may have endosporulated
where in US is coccidiodes common
American southwest
what lesions are associated with coccidiodes
systemic lesions
what tissue type for this proliferative lesion/tumor
epithelial
Describe appearance of epithelial tissue proliferative lesions/tumors
- High cellularity
- Clumps and clusters
- Rectangular to polygonal cells
- Well defined borders
where in body are epithelial tissue proliferative lesions/tumors found
skin, cornea, glands, liver, pancreas, lungs, GI, GU tract
what type of tissue for this proliferative lesion/tumor
epithelial
what type of tissue for this proliferative lesion/tumor
mesenchymal/CT tissue
describe appearance of mesenchymal/CT tissue for proliferative lesion/tumor
- Variable cellularity
- Individual spindloid and Stellate cells
- In distinct cell borders
- ECM
what cells, locations in body are associated with mesenchymal/CT tissue proliferative lesions/tumors
- Fibroblasts
- Pericytes
- Endothelium
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Muscle
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
Mesenchymal CT tissue
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
hemic tissue
describe the appearance of hemic tissue for proliferative lesions/tumors
- High cellularity
- Monolayer
- Round, discrete cells
- High N:C ratios
where in body are hemic tissue proliferative lesions/tumors found
- Bone marrow
- LN
- Spleen
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
hemic tissue
what is name for malignant epithelial neoplasia
carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
what is name for malignant mesenchymal neoplasia
sarcoma
what are the cytoplasmic criteria for malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
- Anisocytosis- variation in cell size
what are the nuclear features in criteria for malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
- Anisokaryosis- variation in nuclear size
- Increased N:C ratio
- Nuclear molding
- Atypical chromatic texture
- Increased mitotic figures
non-lymphoid tissue would these samples be consider malignant or non-malignant and why
malignant: anisocytosis, anisokaryocytosis, nuclear molding, increased mitotic figures
what are the nucleolar features for criteria of malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
- Anisonucleoliosis- variable size
- Large, prominent
- Variable shape
- Multiple nucleoli
non-lymphoid tissue- would this be considered malignant or not
Anisonucleoliosis, large, multiple nucleoli
Which sample is representative of hyperplasia/adenoma vs carcinoma and why
left: hyperplasia/adenoma- nuclear size even, no nucleolus
Right: carcinoma: multiple prominent nucleoli, anisokaryosis, aniosocytosis
What are the nuclear features for criteria of malignancy for lymphoid tissue
homogeneity- lack variation
which image is preventative of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs lymphoma
Left: reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (variation in size)
Right: lymphoma (homogenous in morphology)
what are the 5 differentials for round cell tumors
- TVT
- Lymphoma
- MCT
- PCT
- Histiocytic tumors
what this
TVT
where are TVT typically found in dogs
face or genital areas
what is N:C ratio for TVT
moderate
what other cytoplasmic feature is seen with TVT
discrete round cytoplasmic vacuoles
what this
lymphoma
how are N:C ratios for lymphoma
high
what further testing can you do for lymphoma and what does each test tell you (2)
- PCR for Antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR)- decide reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs lymphoma
- Immunophenotyping: ICC, flow cytometry: B vs T
what this
MCT
what is N:C ratio for MCT
moderate
what cytoplasmic feature is in MCT
purple cytoplasmic granules
what these
PCT
what is N:C ratio for PCT
moderate
what features are consistent with PCT
- Deeply basophilic cytoplasm
- Perinuclear clear zone, enlarged Golgi body
- Eccentrically placed nuclei
- May have bi, tri or multinucleation
what this
histiocytoma
histiocytomas are common in who
young dogs <4yrs
what is N:C ratio for histiocytoma
moderate
t or f: histiocytoma spontaneously regress on their own in 2-3 months
true
