Lecture 12: persuasion 2 Flashcards
Reasoning psychology
Started 60 years ago. Say humans are not rational –> “people often fail to reason logically”.
Base rate neglect
Overall there are more democrat than republican. Text about guy with a stereotypical information about republican. People choose republican but more change that it is democrat.
Cognitive reflection test
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 together. The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
How much does the ball cost? 5 cent instead of 10 cent.
2 systems of dual processing
heuristic (system 1): intuitive and analytic (system 2): logic.
Conflict from systems
Both systems cue different response and analytic system needs to override heuristics
Defining vs correlating feature
Defining: Autonomy = System 1 is automatically activated when cues are present, and hence puts
no load on working memory
Correlating feauture: that it is fast
3 types of models
traditional: serial and parallel
new:hybrid
Use different view how the two systems interact.
Serial
First system 1 –> system 2
Parallel model
System 1 and system 2 work at the same time.
Hybrid models
first system 1 with two types —> system 2
Test core assumptions of traditional models
1) Bias blind spot assumption: you dont detect that you make a mistake.
2) Corrective assumption: reasoning requires deliberate correction (S2) of initial intuition (S1)
Do biased reasoning detect conflict?
stereotype vs base rate when congruent people give correct answer. People who gave bias response they doubt them selves. People who ignore the baserate take longer to think. –> means there is conflict detection. Different methods (EEG) show that people detect they are biased. –> no bias blind spot.
Logical intuitions
Use logic in de system 1
Evidence logical intuition
Impliciet: no verbalisation and justification why they doubt them selves (why they detect bias).
Automatic: Cognitive load does not affect detection.
Corrective assumption assumption
system 2 corrects the bias reasoning of system 1 but not true. Because people dont do it significantly better with system 2 than 1.
Two- response paradigm
“Give first answer that comes to mind as fast as possible. Next, you can take all the time you want to deliberate and give a final response”.
How to knock out system 2?
Put pressure and deadline on the task. No time to think and use system 2.
Partisanship motivated reasoning
Intuition –> partisan bias –> deliberation –> increased bias.
Partisanship
How much you identify with the political party
Accuracy motivated reasoning
Intuition –> partisan bias –> deliberation –> increased accuracy
Why do we fall for fake news?
1) Partisanship-motivated reasoning: we convince ourselves that politicallyaligned information is true <- Deliberation is to rationalize our intuitions and biases
2) Accuracy-motivation: we open-mindedly try to figure out the truth –sometimes we are just lazy to engage in reasoning <- Deliberation is to figure out the correct solution
Study political headlines
False new has a decrease in rating accuracy from initial to final response. So deliberation helps!
Conspiracy theory princess diana
Official: Speeding and drunk driver caused the accident.
Conspiratorial: Prince Philip, the Royal Family and MI5 conspired to kill her.
Refutation: Isn’t it suspicious that it took the ambulance 30 minutes to get to the hospital (instead of the usual 5)?
Outcome study princess diana
Deliberation helps but only a few people. Deliberation did not help who were apathetic toward
conspiracies in the first place. Possible to change prior beliefs first.
How do we detect biases?
When something is hard then system 2 is activated, when easy the we use system 1. But with conflict detection than we get uncertainty and dont know which to activate.
Are logical intuitions logical?
No not necessarily. Superficial cues can drive intuitive logic effects.
Hybrid DPT
Intuitive activation –> uncertainty monitoring –> deliberation –> feedback –>
Uncertainty monitoring
When having a conflict or a hard decision to make. It will start with system 1 but system 2 will be activated. When they are bot activated at the same time than uncertainty which system to use. Than there is a threshold of certainty where system 2 takes over and makes a decision. So the deliberation has a corrective role!
