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Cellular Neuroscience > Lecture 12: Neurotransmitters Part I > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Neurotransmitters Part I Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical signaling consists of what 3 parts?

A

signal
receptor
target molecule/ion channel

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2
Q

Ionotropic receptors are ___________ channels and the _________ is the channel

A

ligand gated, receptor

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3
Q

Metabotropic receptors contain __________ receptors and the receptor _________ channel.

A

g-protein coupled, modulates

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4
Q

In Ionotropic receptors, the _______________ forms the ion channel,

A

Membrane spanning region

comprised of 4-5 subunits

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5
Q

What are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA/Kainate

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6
Q

Name the cys-loop receptors

A

nAChR, 5-HT3, GabaA, Glycine, purinergic

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7
Q

Ionotropic receptors contain __ subunits and a complete receptor of _______ subunits

A

1, 4 or 5

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8
Q

Name 3 main features of the metabotropic receptors.

A

g protein coupled receptors are here
Monomeric proteins consisting of 7 transmembrane domains
Domains 2,3,6,7 make up NT binding region

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9
Q

nACh receptor is an __________ receptor

A

ionotropic

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10
Q

nAChR consists of ____ subunits, and its alpha subunits bind _________.

A

5, ACh

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11
Q

In nAChR, each subunit has 4 __________. The M2 subunit line ______.

A

transmembrane spanning a-helices, pore

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12
Q

The cytoplasm side of the nAChR receptor has rings of high negative charge that determine the _____________ of the receptor and remove the ___________ of the passing ions.

A

cation specificity, hydration shell

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13
Q

nAChR is a _________ cation channel

A

non-selective

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14
Q

Higher driving force for Na+ results in and inward current and an _______.

A

EPSP

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15
Q

What are the precursors for ACh

A

acetyl coenzyme A and choline

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16
Q

_______ catalyzes acetylcholine.

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

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17
Q

__________ breaks up ACh into acetate and choline

A

AChE

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18
Q

What takes choline backs up into the presynaptic terminal?

A

Na+/choline transporter

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19
Q

What condition is characterized by a decrease in EPP?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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20
Q

What treats myasthenia gravis?

A

reversible AChE inhibitors

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21
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

antibodies that block AChRs at the post-synaptic NMJ

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22
Q

Insecticides and nerve gases are examples of ____________

A

Irreversible AChE inhibitors

completely inhibit ACh breakdown

23
Q

Nerve gases and insecticides cause _________ and _________, particularly resulting in muscle/respiratory failure

A

overstimulation, neuromuscular paralysis

24
Q

Classification based on sensitivity for plant alkaloids from tobacco plant and poisonous red mushroom.

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic AChRs

25
Q

Give an example of nicotinic agonist.

A

betel nuts

26
Q

Give some examples of muscarinic antagonists.

A

nightshade, belladonna, scopolamine

27
Q

Muscarinic receptors are _________.

A

GPCRs

28
Q

What’s the precursor of glutamate and who releases it?

A

glutamine, released by glia

29
Q

Enzyme ________ catalyzes glutamate from glutamine

A

glutaminase

30
Q

VgluT is the _______ transporter

A

glutamate

31
Q

What is the EAAT?

A

excitatory amino acid transporter

32
Q

NMDA-R serves as a ________ detector

A

coincidence

33
Q

T/F: voltage-dependent block by Mg2+ ion needs to be relieved by depolarization

A

True

34
Q

T/F: Influx of Ca2+ acts as first messenger at intracellular signaling pathways

A

false, acts as second messenger, relevant to plasticity

35
Q

T/F: Ca2+ influx through NMDA-Rs results in AMPA-R phosphorylation (early phase)
and eventually gene transcription and protein synthesis (late phase).

A

True

36
Q

What’s excitatory, Gq-coupled (PLC  ion channels; increase NMDA)
- mostly postsynaptic

A

Group I, mGLuRs 1 and 5

37
Q

What’s inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled ( reduce cAMP), decrease transmitter release; decrease NMDA
- mostly presynaptic, and on glia cells

A

Group II, mGLuRs 2 and 3

38
Q

What’s inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled ( reduce cAMP), decrease transmitter release; decrease NMDA
- mostly presynaptic

A

Group III, mGLuRs 4,6,7,8

39
Q

GLutamate decarboxylase catalyzes _______ to _______

A

glutamate, GABA

40
Q

What does VIATT stand for?

A

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

41
Q

What is the GABA transporter that removes it from synaptic cleft?

A

GAT

42
Q

The ionotropic GABA receptors are?

A

GABAa and GABAc

43
Q

Effects of GABA agonists?

A

anxiolytic
anesthetic
sedative
anti-convulsive

44
Q

Both benzodiazepines and barbiturates (or alcohol) facilitate the ability of GABA to activate the receptor and opening of the _________.

A 
chloride channel
(Barbituates increase length of opening, benzodiazepines increase frequency)
45
Q

What reduces probability of firing of an action potential?

A

Synaptic inhibition

46
Q

_____________ open chloride channels, which results in inward flow of negatively charged Cl- ions which causes hyperpolarization.

A

GABAa/glycine receptors

47
Q

As long as the ECl- is more hyperpolarized (negative) than the action potential threshold, what can happen?

A

Depolarizing synaptic potentials can inhibit neurons.

48
Q

In ________ neurons the intracellular Cl- concentration is controlled by _________, yielding high intracellular level of Cl-

A

developing, Na/K/Cl co transporter

49
Q

In _______ cells a ______ co transporter pumps Cl out and lowers internal Cl, making ECl- much more negative

A

adult, K/Cl

50
Q

What stimulates opening of K+ channels?

A

Metabotropic GABA receptors (GABAb), inhibits Ca2+ channels

51
Q

2 major subtypes of metabotropic GABA receptors are BR1 and BR2, and can assemble as homodimers or __________

A

heterodimers

52
Q

Activation of _________ GABAb __________ can inhibit release of GABA from the terminal.

A

presynaptic, autoreceptors

53
Q

What can also inhibit release of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin?

A

presynaptic GABAb

54
Q

What system is a major target for glial modulators?

A

GABAergic systems

Cellular Neuroscience (15 decks)

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