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Cellular Neuroscience > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is used to make RNA, which is used to make _______.

A

proteins

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2
Q

What is translation?

A

Ribosomes read the genetic info in the RNA and use it as a template to produce amino acids that go in a chain of proteins

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3
Q

What are some additional roles of Mitochondria besides producing ATP?

A

Recycling of proteins
Regulation of membrane potential
Regulation of calcium storage/release

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4
Q

The ER and mitochondria have higher _________ levels compared to cytoplasm

A

calcium

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5
Q

The ER has 2 different Ca2+ stores. Name the 2 cellular events that open them.

A

Activation of IP3 metabolism

Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ itself

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6
Q

Internal calcium regulates…?

A

Second messenger signaling, gating and kinetics of voltage/ligand gated channels, gene expression

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7
Q

Motor proteins move organelles around the cell on _________ tracks

A

microtubular

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8
Q

Kinesin proteins move toward the + end. What is the + designate?

A

toward periphery

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9
Q

Dynein moves proteins toward -. What does - designate?

A

toward nucleus

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10
Q

What kind of molecules are permeable to a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Gases, hydrophobic molecule, small polar molecules.

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11
Q

Who postulated the theory that neurons were individual cells and not continuous to other neurons?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal, he called it the neuron doctrine

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12
Q

What was the evidence for chemical transmission as discovered by Sherrington?

A

Nerve impulse delay
Unidirectional flow of info in neural chain
Synapse transmission is excitatory and inhibitory

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13
Q

Microglia produce ________ that influence glia and can signal neurons.

A

cytokines

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14
Q

Name 2 main functions of astrocytes.

A

Anchor neuron to blood supply for nutrients and expulsion of ions
Form BBB

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15
Q

Describe a unipolar cell and its location

A

1 neurite, seen in primary sensory neurons

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16
Q

Describe a bipolar cell and its location

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon, found in PNS

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17
Q

Describe pseudo-unipolar cell and its location?

A

no dendrites, but 1 axon that branches off (PNS/spinal cord)

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18
Q

Describe multipolar cells and its location

A

most common in CNS, multiple dendrites, 1 axon.

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19
Q

Action potentials do not grow in amplitude with larger stimuli, rather they increase in ___________

A

Number/frequency

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20
Q

Electrical potential is…?

A

amount of potential energy per unit of charge

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21
Q

Potential difference is…?

A

difference in potential between 2 locations.

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22
Q

Conductance is…?

A

ease of flow between 2 points

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23
Q

Resistance is the ________ of conductance

A

inverse

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24
Q

What is Ohm’s law

A

V= IR

V=voltage, I=current, R=resistance

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25
Q

The resting membrane potential is due to 2 factors:

A

separation of ions across cell membrane (creates ion gradients)

Permeability of the membrane to those ions

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26
Q

What does the Nernst equation do?

A

Predicts the voltage created by diffusion of a single ion type

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27
Q

The farther away from the equilibrium potential the membrane voltage is, the _________ for that ion

A

larger the current

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28
Q

Resting membrane voltage depends on ________.

A

potassium concentration gradient

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29
Q

What does the Goldman equation do that the Nernst equation neglected?

A

Includes the relative permeabilities of each ion

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30
Q

Resting membrane potential is not equilibrium potential because?

A

It relies on expenditure of ATP by ion pumps for maintenence

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31
Q

An action potential is the result of ________ permeability to Na+ and K+

A

increasing

32
Q

What are the components that make up the action potential?

A 
Threshold
Rising phase
Overshoot
Falling Phase
Undershoot (below RMP)
33
Q

An action potential is the result of _________ in membrane’s permeability to Na+ and K+

A

selective increases

34
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Depolarization that produces Na channel opening also causes delayed activation of K channels and Na channel inactivity. Is harder for APs to be produced at this time.

35
Q

Question postulated by Hodgkin and Huxley: Do membranes have voltage dependent permeabilities?

A

current flow is observed in response to depolarization, not hyperpolarization. Effect is voltage dependent.

36
Q

In neurons/dendrites, hyperpolarization can induce ______ flow.

A

current

37
Q

Direction of current flow is described as what?

A

net movement of positive charge

38
Q

Flow of positive charge into cell is ________.

A

inward current

39
Q

_____ flowing into cell w/ concentration gradient brings more positive charge into cell (inward current)

A

Na+

40
Q

If K+ flows out of cell, taking charge with it, it’s ________

A

outward current

41
Q

Na+ ions are very important for the _______ inward current

A

early

42
Q

Tetrodotoxin, or blowfish poisoning is a ___________.

A

Na+ channel blocker

43
Q

g(K+) is…?

A

slow and non-inactivating

44
Q

gNa+ is…?

A

fast and inactivating

45
Q

K+ is much slower to turn on that Na+, therefore, it requires more time to reach its peak. This is known as a…?

A

delayed rectifier

46
Q

What are some other conclusions made by Hodgkin and Huxley besides delayed rectifier?

A

Na+ channels must inactivate, bc the current goes off even when it is depolarized
K+ channel do not inactivate if the cell is depolarized.
They are voltage dependent

47
Q

Describe the phases of an Action potential (brace yourself, it’s a long one)

A
  • Rest potential(Vm): high resting K+ conduction
  • Generator potential: depolarizes cell bc of opening of ligand gated cation channels
  • Threshold(-50mV): voltage gated Na+ channels open
  • Rising Phase:approaches Na+ equilibrium potential, overshoots
  • Falling phase: K+ channels open, Na+ closes, membrane potential nears K+ equilibrium potential
  • Undershoot:MP becomes negative to rest potential
  • Return to rest potential
  • Refractory period: 2nd AP cant be evoked
48
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Time in which it’s impossible to get another AP

49
Q

What’s a relative refractory period?

A

Time in which a strong stimulus can evoke a AP. Na+ channels have recovered from inactivation but MP is below rest potential due to open K+ channels

50
Q

Name 4 main characteristics of voltage gated ion channel (like Na+ and K+)

A
  • show ion selectivity
  • both are voltage gated
  • have a voltage sensor
  • Na+ channel has mechanism for inactivation
51
Q

Name steps in cycle of Na+ channel:

A
  • fast response
  • 2 gates (activation/inactivation)
  • rapid opening followed by slower closing
  • refractory period
52
Q

We know that impulse propagation is unidirectional. What does that mean for Na+ channels as the AP moves along the axon?

A

Na+ channels close as AP crosses them

53
Q

A ______ length constant makes it easier for distant synapses to influence activity of neuron

A

large

54
Q

Cells increase membrane resistance(Rm) by ___________, and decrease resistance inside axon(Ri) by increasing ___________

A

myelination, axon diameter

55
Q

What is spatial summation.

A

Bigger length constant increases this–2 inputs far away from one another can sum together to reach threshold.

56
Q

What kind of axons are better conductors?

A

Ones with an insulated large diameter

57
Q

What do large diameter axone with lower resistance mean for propagation of an impulse?

A

less leak and longer conduction distances

58
Q

Length constant is directly proportional to ________ and inversely proportional to axial resistance

A

membrane resistance

59
Q

Time constant is defined as the time when the _________ rises to 63% of the steady state membrane

A

voltage response

60
Q

Myelination decreases _________ because it increases effective thickness of the membrane. Which means there is a _______ time constant

A

capacitance, smaller

*Important for axons

61
Q

Resistance is the inverse of _________. This ________ time constant

A

conductance, decreases

*important for dendrites

62
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Synaptic potentials generated in the same membrane patch as a result of successive stimulation are added together

63
Q

A _____ time constant allows for more temporal summation

A

long

64
Q

Describe Golgi’s Reticular Network Theory

A

The entire nervous system was a huge net, and all neurons were connected to each other

65
Q

Name the stains that stain neurons, astrocytes and microglia

A

NeuN, GFAP, OX-42 respectively

66
Q

Where do radial glia arise from and what’s the function?

A

neuroepithelial cells. Only present during early development.
Guide growth of neurons using scaffolding technique

67
Q

Sensory neurons are usually __________ neurons

A

pseudo-unipolar

68
Q

Are interneurons excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

69
Q

Integration of synaptic input occurs at __________.

A

axon hillock

70
Q

The knee-jerk reflex requires no effort from the brain, why?

A

It’s a monosynaptic effort, it only utilizes the spinal cord for its function.

71
Q

Where is electrical impulse initiated?

A

in the dendrites

72
Q

Capacitance of a cell membrane increases with __________.

A

Surface area

73
Q

What causes ionic seperation?

A

presence of pumps like Na+/K+ ATPase

74
Q

What is the reversal potential of an ion?

A

There is no net flow of ions, number of ions going in and out is equal

75
Q

Early inward current reverses around potentials more ________ than E(na)

A

depolarizes

76
Q

In voltage clamp experiments, the flow of positive charge into the cell is shown as…?

A

downward deflection

77
Q

In current clamp, which depict changes in ___________. APs are shown as upward deflection.

A

membrane potential

Cellular Neuroscience (15 decks)

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