Lecture 11: Speech & Language Flashcards
What is Language?
A structured system of communication used by humans, based on speech and gesture, sign or often writing. The structure of language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary
What are the 7 Cranial Nerves?
- Cranial V: Trigeminal Nerve
- Cranial VII: Facial Nerve
- Cranial Nerve VIII: Acoustic Nerve
- Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
- Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
- Cranial Nerve: XI: Spinal Accessory
- Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
What is the Dorsal Auditory Stream?
Superior temporal gyrus (adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (Heschls gyrus) that codes speech sounds into phonemes and stores them in auditory short-term memory
What is the Ventral Auditory Stream?
The middle temporal gyrus is involved in the semantic processing of speech sounds (e.g. accessing the lexicon in higher-order language elements composed of phonemes (e.g. words, sentences, etc…)
What is the Frontal Aslant Tract (FAT)?
Connects the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and medial aspect of the frontal lobe (e.g Broca’s area) and is associated with speech initiation (driving of speech)
What is Conduction Aphasia?
Inability to repeat unfamiliar words spoken to the patient
- Resulting from damage to the arcuate fasciculus
What is Expressive Aphasia?
Inability to generate normal speech
- Resulting from damage to the frontal cortex (e.g Broca’s area)
What is Fluent Aphasia?
Problems understanding spoken and written language. This type is also known as sensory, posterior, or Wernicke’s aphasia
What is Non-Fluent Aphasia?
Difficulty communicating orally and with written words. This type of aphasia is also called motor, anterior, or Broca’s aphasia — also includes global aphasia or difficulty both expressing and understanding oral and written communication
What are the 2 main types of Dyslexia?
- Acquired Dyslexia
- Developmental - Aka Alexia
What is Acquired Dyslexia?
Reading impairment in an individual with previously normal levels of reading ability
What is Developmental Dyslexia?
Failure to acquire a normal level of reading during childhood
What are the 2 Routes for Linguistic Processing During Reading?
- Grapho-Phonological (Indirect) Route
- Lexico-Semantic (Direct) Route
What is Grapho-Phonological (Indirect) Route?
Translation of written language into sounds via grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules accessing their meaning from their sound (temporal lobe)
What is Lexico-Semantic (Direct) Route?
More efficient storage of the word’s visual appearance with its meaning (occipitotemporal junction)
