Lecture 11 Peptide & Proteins Flashcards
Peptide vs Protein
Less than 50 amino acids = Peptide
Greater than 50 amino acids = Protein
How are peptides / proteins regulated
(Pre-Translation)
Depends on abundance of mRNA
Transcription Control
Regulation of Degradation
Alternative Splicing: Removing different introns and exons can result in different products
How are peptides / proteins regulated
(Post-Translation)
Modification by adding different groups on to protein
What are the four types of peptide/protein pharmacological mediators
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Growth Factors
Immune System Mediators
Neuropeptide
Co-transmitted with non-peptide neurotransmitters
Can cause neurogenic inflammation when released form peripheral endings of nociceptive sensory receptors (Caused by mast cells releasing histamine)
Substance P
Neuropeptide
Neurokinin A
Neuropeptide
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP)
Neuropeptide
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide
Erenumab
Monoclonal Antibody
Treats migraines (Acts against CGRP to prevent neurogenic inflammation)
Bradykinin Effects
Non-Neural Hormone
Vasodilation
Vascular Permeability
Contracts intestine/uterus muscles
Stimulates fluid secretion
Stimulates pain nerve endings
Kininogen
Cut by protease kallikrein to create Bradykinin
Kallikrein
Protease that cuts Kininogen
ACE
Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme
Inactivates Bradykinin
Bradykinin binds to what kind of receptors
B1 and B2
G-Proteins Receptors
What are Growth Factors
Stimulate cell differentiation and proliferation
Initiates apoptosis
Growth Factors are _______ size proteins
Small size proteins
What kind of receptors do growth factors bind to
Kinase-Linked Receptors
Erlotinib
Inhibits Growth Factor Signals by blocking Kinase-Linked Receptors
Sunitinib
Inhibits Growth Factor Signals by blocking Kinase-Linked Receptors
Cytokines are synthesized by what? When?
Immune cells during inflammation
What do Cytokines do
Regulate actions of immune cells
What kind of receptors do cytokines act on? What do they do when they act on these receptors
Kinase-Linked Receptors
Stimulates phosphorylation signals to alter gene expression
What are the four types of Cytokines
Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons
Colony Stimulating Factors
What are Interleukins?
Mediators that signal between Leukocytes
Mostly Pro-inflammatory
Some Anti-inflammatory
List some Pro-Inflammatory Interleukins
TNF(alpha), IL(alpha/beta)
List some Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins
IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
Adalimumab
Monoclonal Antibody against TNF(alpha)
Against Pro-inflammatory interleukin
Treats Rheumatoid arthritis and Chrohn’s disease
What are Chemokines
Chemoattractant Cytokines
How are Chemokines grouped
By the key cysteine in their peptide chain
List some chemokines
MCP-1, RANTES, CXCL-12
What are Interferons
Used to interfere with viral replication
IFN(alpha)
Interferon used to treat chronic Hepatitis B/C
Also used to treat malignant diseases (Diseases that have spread)
IFN(beta)
Used to treat relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
IFN(gamma)
Raises T-Cell reponse to reduce infections
Used in immunodeficient diseases to fight infections (Chronic Granulomatous Disease)
What are Colony Stimulating Factors
Small Growth Factor Proteins that can be used like a drug
Erythropoietin
AKA. EPO
Colony Stimulating Factor
Stimulates RBC production
Filgrastim
AKA. Recombinant Granulocyte
Colony Stimulating Factor
Stimulates WBC Production
