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FHB - Endocrine & Reproductive > Lecture 11: (78) Endocrine Disruptors > Flashcards

Lecture 11: (78) Endocrine Disruptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 non-classical endocrine organs?

What hormones do they produce?

A
  1. Brain – especially hypothalamus (itself is not an endocrine organ)
  2. Kidney – Renin, Vitamin D, erythropoietin
  3. Heart – ANP, BNP
  4. Liver – IGF-I
  5. GI – small intestine, stomach (serotonin, ghrelin)
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2
Q

Where is Renin produced?

What does it regulate?

What does it cleave?

Renin splits the bond between what?

A
  1. Glycoprotein produced in JGA cells of afferent arterioles
    - sense BLOOD VOLUME
  2. Important regulator of arteriolar diameter
  3. Cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (precursor for angiotensin II).

His- Leu
(converts ANG to ATI)

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3
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) made? What kind of receptor?

What does it stimulate?

What is it regulated by? (5)

A
  1. 34 kDa protein made in kidney; tyrosine-linked kinase receptor
  2. Stimulates proerythroblasts and differentiation of red blood cells (increases cell number)
  3. Regulated by:
  4. Anemia**
  5. Thyroid hormone**
  6. Hypoxia (high altitude)
  7. Norepinephrine
  8. Androgens stimulate, estrogens inhibit
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4
Q

What hormone stimulates EPO production?

A

Thyroid Hormone

  • ex: w/ hypothyroidism there is no EPO produced and thus PALOR is a symptom (anemia)
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5
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) made? What kind of receptor?

What does it stimulate?

What is it regulated by? (5)
(what stimulate what inhibits)

A
  1. 34 kDa protein made in kidney; tyrosine-linked kinase receptor
  2. Stimulates proerythroblasts and differentiation of red blood cells (increases cell number)
  3. Regulated by:
  4. Anemia**
  5. Thyroid hormone**
  6. Hypoxia (high altitude)
  7. Norepinephrine
  8. Androgens stimulate, estrogens inhibit
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6
Q

What is the major side effect of “doping” or increasing hematocrit too quickly?

A

HYPERTENSION

  • can lead to encephala & seizures
  • pure red cell aplasia (bone marrow stops making RBCs)
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7
Q

What did the study in mice that had transgenic overexpression of EPO show?

A

Mice had demyelinating neuropathy, muscle degeneration, degenerative liver/kidney disease, shorter life span.
No cardiovascular issues!! Hematocrit = 0.89 (2x normal)

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8
Q

What 2 hormones are made by the heart?

How do they affect blood vessel function? (3)

**This generates a significant increase in ____.

A
  1. ANP & BNP
    - atrial
    - ventricle BNP
  2. Affects blood vessel function:
    a) decrease vascular smooth muscle tone
    b) decrease peripheral vascular resistance
    c) increase capillary permeability.
  3. hematocrit
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9
Q

What is the net affect of ANP/BNP:

  1. in Kidneys
  2. In blood vessels
A
  1. Net effect in kidneys is diuresis (excretion of urine) and natriuresis (excretion of sodium).
  2. Net effect in blood vessels = decreased blood pressure
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10
Q

Which has a longer half life? (ANP or BNP)?

Normal levels can rule OUT ______.

Higher levels______.

What are the levels with obesity? (high/low)

Increases/decreases with age?

Higher levels in women or men?

A
  1. BNP
    - useful diagnostic tool
  2. congestive heart failure
  3. with heart and renal failure

4.Lower levels with obesity
(not understood)

  1. Increases with age
  2. Higher levels in WOMEN
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11
Q

How do PCBs disrupt the endocrine system:

  1. Which hormone does it compete with in the blood?
  2. What is the result? 93)

Why does a goiter result?

A
  1. PCBs compete with thyroid hormone binding to its transport protein in the blood (TTR; TBG)
  2. Increased BREAKDOWN of thyroid hormone
  3. Compensatory excessive production by thyroid gland

GOITER due to increased thyroid hormone produced (since increased breakdown since lack of TBG/TTR)

Also causes cancer, immune function suppression (atrophied thymus), reduced sperm count, neurological deficits

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12
Q

What is DES?

Why is this bad?

A

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

  • Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen
  • Used in cattle feed
  • Given to pregnant women from 1940-1970 to reduce complications
  • Also used for prostate cancer treatment

“DES daughters” = 40% increase in cervical/vaginal cancers*

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13
Q

Are synthetic Estrogens (EE2) high in the water? (BC in water?)

A

It is MINIMAL or non-existent in drinking water

BUT, other estrogenic compounds found:

1 . Pesticides (Atrazine)

  1. Estrogens given to livestock
  2. Industrial chemicals (bisphenol-A)
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14
Q

A patient’s lab results show that there are elevated levels of an unidentified hormone in the blood. It is characterized as having a short half-life (2 -3 minutes) and is stored in secretory granules inside the cell. Further analysis shows that the rate-limiting enzyme to catalyze synthesis of this hormone is tyrosine hydroxylase. The correct chemical category for this hormone is:

A

E) catecholamines

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15
Q

A patient’s lab results show that there are elevated levels of an unidentified hormone in the blood. It is characterized as having a short half-life (2 -3 minutes) and is stored in secretory granules inside the cell. Further analysis shows that the rate-limiting enzyme to catalyze synthesis of this hormone is tyrosine hydroxylase. The correct chemical category for this hormone is:

A

E) catecholamines

-amino acids are not hormones, steroids are not stored in secretory vesicles  long half life)
what type of receptor
how transported in blood
intracellular singalling pathway?

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16
Q

A preprohormone is characterized by presence of the following:

a) copeptides
b) signal peptide
c) aromatic ring
d) introns
e) disulfide bond

A

b) signal peptide

17
Q

Some patients take melatonin supplements to alleviate insomnia. Which one of the following mechanisms best explains low plasma levels of melatonin?

A

B) Genetic defect in N-acetyl transferase

- made in pineal gland, activated at night

18
Q

Assuming a negative feedback system, which one of the following could be anticipated with a hypofunctioning pituitary (secondary) endocrine defect?

A

low levels of peripheral gland hormone X and high levels of hypthalamic hormone Y

19
Q
  1. Kallman syndrome is a relatively rare disorder that manifests in patients as infertility and anosmia. Which one of the following best explains the link between reproductive disorders and anosmia?
A

B) GnRH neurons originate from the olfactory placode

20
Q
  1. Which one of the following would be most likely to cause diabetes insipidus?
A

Atrophy of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY

- failure to respond to AVP = diabetes insipidus

21
Q
  1. Prior to the discovery of insulin in 1922, most children diagnosed with Type 1 DM died within 1-2 years. These patients continued to lose weight and experienced severe muscle wasting, despite eating well. Which one of the following best explains this phenomenon?
A

C) GLUT 4 – is sequestered inside the muscle and fat cells

needs insulin to translocate GLUT 4

22
Q
  1. A medical student is studying pancreatic function on a computer-simulated patient. The student is specifically trying to understand the insulin secretion pattern in the pancreatic cells. The student is presented with a list of substances that affect insulin secretion. She clicks on a substance and finds that it directly inhibits the patient’s insulin secretion. This response was most likely caused by which of the following substances?
A

A) Alpha 2 – adrenergic agonist

23
Q

In a patient with severe hypoglycemia (38mg/dl), the differential diagnosis between a self-administered insulin overdose and a tumor that produces excess insulin can be made by determining the plasma levels of which one of the following?

A

C) C – peptide

24
Q
  1. Which one of the following best describes the action of sulfonylurea drugs on the pancreatic beta cell?
A

D) closes K+ channels

FHB - Endocrine & Reproductive (17 decks)

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