Lecture 11 Flashcards
Hemoglobin is involved in?
Regulating blood pressure/flow by the release of nitric oxide (no)
What does nitric oxide do?
Causes vasodilation allowing more blood flow and O2 delivery
What is the release of no independent of? How might this be advantageous?
Independent of the nervous system. This allows immediate blood flow to local tissue without waiting for the brain to respond.
What’s the role of carbonic anhydrase ? Why is essential?
Catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid the reaction wouldn’t occur without it
What causes a change in the shape of hemoglobin?
The release of O2 this allows it topick upCO2
Carbonic acid transports ____ of CO2 in?
70% in the plasma
Rbc’s live up to ____ days in the circulation. Why don’t they live longer?
Cuz their form changes after continuous movement in blood this because they don’t contain a nucleus so they don’t have the ability to repair themselves
What happens to rbc’s after being worn-out? Explain the process.
They’re removed by macrophages. While being broken down, the components ( iron ions and heme groups) are recycled for the production of new rbc’s
Where are macrophages located?
Bone marrow, liver, and spleen
WBCs (aka ____) and RBC both originate from?
Leukocytes, bone marrow
How do WBC’s differ from RBC’S?
They’re far less numerous, when active, they never a much shorter life span (13 - 20 days) they have complete cells (nucleus and organelles) there are many types of leucucytes
What’s the most distinguishing characteristics of WBC’s from RBC’s? What’s this known as?
They can leave circulation. Emigration
How du they emigrate to get to their true destination?
They use the vascular network
WBC’s are diverted into two groups. What are they? Ho do you distinguish between them?
Granular or agranular whether their cytoplasm has highly visible granules.
What are the granular and agranular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What are granular cells and what’s their vole? Agranular cells?
The contain vesicles that appear when aas are stained. These vesicles are what WBC’s use to destroy foreign bodies. Agranuar contain no granules. They uptake things.
What’s the most common to least common granular WBC - what are their roles.
Neutrophils (50-70%) they’re rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria.
Eosinophils (2-4%) contain antihistamine molecules und ave also capable of phagocytosis during parasitic infections.
Basophils (<1%) intensify the inflammatory response through the release of histamines and heparin.
Which type of WBC is most active when an allergic is present? What does it do? How does it affect vasculature?
Basophils. Allergies cause them to release massive amounts of histamine. Basophils cause vasodilation
Which type of WBC is formed in the lymphoid alls und are essential for immune response? what percent of leukocytes do they make up? Where do thy primarily operate?
Lymphocytes, 20-30% of leukocytes. Lymphatic system
There are ____ major groups of lymphocytes, what are they?
3:
Natural killer cells
B cells
T cells
What do natural killer (NK) cells do?
Provide generalize, nonspecific immunity to cells containing foreign or abnormal markers.
Tell other cells to kill pathogen
What do B cells do?
Produce anti bodies which bind to specific foreign/ abnormal components of plasma membranes
What do T culls do?
Provide cellular level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
What are memory cells?
They are a variety of B and T cells which form after exposure to a pathogen enabling rapid response upon subsequent exposure.
What’s the role of monocytes?
2-8% leukocytes.
Form macrophages when they leave the blood vessel. Function to release antimicrobial and chemotactic signals to attract other leukocytes to the site of infection.
What’s the relationship between monocytes and exercise?
Monocytes get stuck in pulmonary capillaries (cuz they’re so small) they get pushed out into circulation during exercise due to the increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.
In general, an elevation in the WBC count usually indicates____?
An infection or inflammation.
A platelet is a fragment of ____ called? What’s it surrounded by?
Fragment, megakorocyte. A plasma membrane.
where do approximately____ of platelets migrate to? Why is that?
1/3
The spleen, storage for later release in response to any rupture in a blood vessel.
the rest stick around until they’re activated
When do platelets become activated? What’s their primary function? What’s this known as?
When blood vessels are damaged.
To limit blood loss.
hemostasis (stoppage of blood loss).
What happens to platelets once they’re activated?
Remain only about 10 days, then are phagocytized by macrophages.
What is the condition for not having enough plate lets?
Hemophilia
How are blood groups determined?how many of these markers are there?
By the presence or absence of specific markers (antigens) on the plasma membranes of rbc’s.
Over 50 antigens on erythrocyte membranes.
What two blood groups are we focusing on?
ABO blood group, and Rh blood group.
Blood typing designates the presence or absence of which two antigens?
A and B
Individuals w/ bloodtype ____ create antibodies to ____. What happens when someone receives the wrong bloodtype?
A, B antigen (vice versa).
Antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis.
What is the must interesting symptom when encountering the wrong blood type?
A sense of impending doom.
What blood type is the universal recipient? which is the universal donor?
AB+, O-
Explain the Rh blood group,
Classified according to the presence orabsense of a second erythrocyte antigen identified as Rh. Those with the second antigen present on their erythrocytes (plasma membrane) are Rh (+), those who lack it are (Rh-)
What does blood transfusion usually involve?
RBC’S, platelets, and plasma. Rarely is whole blood (plasma, RBC’S Platelets, and white cells) used.
