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BIOC62: Roles of Zoos and Aquariums in Conservation > Lecture 10b: Nutrition Science > Flashcards

Lecture 10b: Nutrition Science Flashcards

1
Q

What does nutrition science include

A
  • diet production
  • clinical case
  • nutritional welfare
  • research
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2
Q

Two types of nutrition science research

A
  • conservation based
  • well-being based
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3
Q

Vancouver Island Marmots

A
  • endemic to Vancouver
  • major population changes since the 70s
  • not a self-sustaining population
  • On the brink of extinction
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4
Q

Challenges of survival for the Marmots

A
  • forestry: intensive logging practices
  • predators: altered landscape increase access to predators
  • late maturing: 3-4 years old
  • frequency of reproduction: reproduce every other year to 3-4 pups
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5
Q

Survival of marmots

A
  • low yearly survival rate
  • captive bred and released marmots. have a higher risk of mortality
  • issues relate to the first hibernation
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6
Q

Gaps in our knowledge about marmots

A
  • body composition
  • wild type diet (1 publication)
  • captive diet (does it match)
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7
Q

Hibernation physiology and diet fatty acid

A
  • hibernators drop core body temperature, they have the physiology to do that
  • mortality of non-hibernators is from heart failure which is caused by increased cytosolic CA2+
  • hibernators maintain Ca2+ influx and release through SERCA proteins
  • these proteins are influenced by the presence and ratio of PUFA in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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8
Q

What is their hypothesis for marmots in captivity?

A

Lipid metabolism and hibernation of Vancouver Island Marmots are affected by captivity

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9
Q

VIM in captivity

A
  • increased body condition
  • cardiovascular disease
  • shortened hibernation
  • first wild hibernation survival
  • hibernation and breeding success
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10
Q

Fatty Acid Profiles

A
  • looked at their fatty acid profiles
  • what does their fat and blood look like in the context of fatty acids since fatty acids impact their ability to hibernate
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11
Q

Fatty acid profiles of VIM in captivity

A
  • had higher fatty acids in their blood
  • high ratio of N6:N3
  • increased short fatty acid chains
  • elevated palmitoleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid
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12
Q

Fatty acid profiles of VIM in the wild

A
  • had long fatty acid chains
  • high HUFA score = good CV health
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13
Q

Data for developing research pellet

A
  • coalescing data from comparative species (plant preferences, stomach contents, WAT & organs)
  • hibernation studies
  • season changes in FA profiles
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14
Q

Research pellet

A

n6:n3 ratio ~ 1.0

old one was 5.0, 5 n6 for every 1 n3

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15
Q

Diet study for the VIM

A
  • used woodchucks
  • treatment group: start on high n3 diet and then swithc to high n6 late in summer
  • control group: high n6 diet entire study
  • determine if we could alter their hibernation and could we alter their health outcomes
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16
Q

woodchuck results from the diet study

A
  • assessed: diet intake, body weight, body composition, body temperature, fatty acid profiles
  • failed hibernation
  • but, more favourable FA profile
  • one the road to improve their health, maybe not hibernation yet
17
Q

Conservation impacts on VIM

A
  • improve diet in captivity
  • captive vs wild (continue to study - missed?)
  • fatty acid “targets”
  • more resilient captive populations
18
Q

when are polar bears the fattest?

A

may/june

19
Q

Polar bear behaviour and physiology

A
  • climate change impacts survival
  • shrinking sea ice:
    > ~30 days less to feed
    > longer fasting period
    > less fat deposits
  • study current ecological adaptations (adaptability to look for other food sources other than seals)
20
Q

Polar Bear Adaptations

A
  • body mass changes: 50% increase in bodyweight during anabolic period
  • ice free period: decrease energy outputs
  • female denning period
21
Q

Benefits of polar bear research in a zoo setting

A
  • controlled environment
  • 365/24/7 data
  • various life stages, ages, and health conditions
  • individual bear can be tracked over years
22
Q

Toronto zoo feeding strategy

A
  • the toronto zoo developed a seasonal breeding program
  • goal is to mimic calorie supply/flow
23
Q

what does the toronto zoo feeding strategy measure?

A
  • body condition
  • body mass changes
  • speed of weight loss
  • % body fat
  • behaviour
  • blood values
24
Q

Polar bear data collection

A
  • daily diet intake
  • weekly: behaviour, bodyweights
  • monthly: body temperature, blood draws
25
Q

How fat is a polar bear?

A

use SLBL (straight length body length) to measure structural mass

26
Q

body composition model

A
  • more accurate
  • there is a difference between structural and storage mass
  • validations of SLBL and body mass calculations using Bio-electric impedance
27
Q

bio-electric impedence

A
  • put a small current through the polar bear
  • measure how long it takes for the current to pass through
  • moves through water
  • this tells us how much water
  • the inverse will tell us how much fat
28
Q

cub diet goals

A
  • develop milk formula
  • express calorie supply as a function of metabolic body weight
  • provide growth data to researchers
29
Q

Western Hudson Bay Bear Cubs

A
  • cubs gain mass from birth until sea ice breakup
  • lose body fat until ice returns
  • still undergo structural growth during ice free period
30
Q

Toronto Zoo bear cubs

A
  • cubs gain mass continuously - didn’t think it was appropriate to make them lost fat in their first year
  • housed solo
31
Q

Results and Impacts with the polar bears

A
  • body weights were comparable to wild averages of ice break (June)
  • average daily gains differed
  • average ME approached 4 X BMR
  • impact - better understanding of how to feed cubs
32
Q

Polar bear - conservation impact

A
  • estimate calorie requirements for survival, reproduction, growth of cubs
  • better understand behavioural and physiological changes
  • validation of techniques used in the field
  • determine what information do researchers actually need (energy budget models)
33
Q

Nutritional animal well-being research

A

research on the Masai giraffe
- measuring microbiome changes of Saliva and Cud during rumination events

34
Q

Rumen

A

multi chamber stomach where a lot of fermentation occurs

35
Q

Giraffe and rumen health

A
  • if we feed them the wrong diet (improper fibre), the microbiome changes
  • they are not evolved to eat certain foods so their outputs change the rumen
  • go through rumenal acidosis (very acidic state) which will erode the surface of the rumen
  • cannot absorb nutrients anymore
36
Q

Taking sample from the zoo

A
  • take a swab of their mouth during rumination
  • bolus from sloppy eating giraffe
37
Q

Potential outcomes from microbe research

A
  • validation of domestic technique in wildlife
  • determine if browse can influence microbe
  • first ever glimpse at giraffe microbiome

BIOC62: Roles of Zoos and Aquariums in Conservation (12 decks)

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