Lecture 10 - Extinction and Interference Flashcards
What are the two basic behavioral effects of extinction?
the target response decreases when the response no longer results in reinforcement.
produces an increase in response variability
What is the emotional reaction induced by withdrawal of an expected reinforcer?
frustration
What are some Forms of Recovery From Extinction?
spontaneous recovery
renewal
reinstatement
resurgence
concurrent recovery
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
If a rest period is introduced after extinction training, responding comes back
What is Renewal of Conditioned Responding?
recovery of conditioned responding when the contextual cues that were present during extinction are changed
What is Reinstatement of Conditioned Responding?
the recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters the US again
context specific
What is Resurgence of Conditioned Behavior?
the reappearance of an extinguished target response when another reinforced response is extinguished
What is concurrent recovery?
Acquisition of a second instrumental response will result in recovery of an extinguished instrumental response.
What is facilitated reacquisition?
Faster re-acquisition of excitatory behavioral control by an extinguished CS relative to a novel stimulus.
What are the methods of Enhancing Extinction?
- Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials
- Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction
- Repetition of Extinction/Test Cycles
- Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts
- Presenting Extinction Reminder Cues
- Compounding Extinction Stimuli
- Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation
How does the Number and Spacing of Extinction Trials affect extinction?
conducting more extinction trials
spaced trials
reduces recovery
How does Immediate Versus Delayed Extinction affect extinction?
establishing a learning experience in long-term memory requires a process called memory consolidation. Memory consolidation takes time
Conducting extinction trials immediately after acquisition produces a more rapid loss of conditioned behavior than conducting extinction one day later.
However, a more enduring loss of behavior occurs if extinction trials are delayed 24 hours after the end of acquisition
How does Conducting Extinction in Multiple Contexts affect extinction?
eliminate the renewal effect
How does Compounding Extinction Stimuli affect extinction?
deepen the extinction of those cues
suggests that extinction operates at least in part by an error-correction process similar to the Rescorla–Wagner model
How does Priming Extinction to Update Memory for Reconsolidation affect extinction?
The presentation of a CS serves to activate the memory of acquisition. Once activated, the memory is in a labile or modifiable state in which it can be changed before the memory is reconsolidated and returned to long-term store. The period during which an activated memory can be modified is called the reconsolidation window. Generally, the reconsolidation window lasts less than 6 hours.
What Is Learned in Extinction?
extinction does not involve unlearning
extinction involves both behavioral and emotional effects.
Nonreinforcement in the face of the expectation of reward is assumed to trigger an unconditioned aversive frustrative reaction
Responding during the stimulus with which the response had been extinguished was significantly less than responding during the alternate stimulus. These results indicate that the extinction procedure produced an inhibitory S–R association that was specific to a particular stimulus and response
What are some Paradoxical Reward Effects?
overtraining extinction effect
magnitude reinforcement extinction
partial-reinforcement extinction effect
What is the overtraining extinction effect?
the more training that is provided with continuous reinforcement, the stronger will be the frustration that occurs when extinction is introduced. That in turn produces more rapid extinction
What is the magnitude reinforcement extinction effect?
responding declines more rapidly in extinction following reinforcement with a larger reinforcer
What is the partial-reinforcement extinction effect?
Extinction is much slower and involves fewer frustration reactions if partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement was in effect before the introduction extinction.
What are the Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect?
discrimination hypothesis
frustration theory
sequential theory
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect
What is the discrimination hypothesis?
the introduction of extinction is easier to detect after continuous reinforcement than after partial reinforcement
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect
What is frustration theory?
the instrumental response becomes conditioned to the expectation of nonreward or frustration
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect
What is sequential theory?
with intermittent reinforcement, the memory of nonreward becomes a cue for performing the instrumental response
Mechanisms of the Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect
What is the difference between frustration theory and sequential theory?
Memory mechanisms may make more of a contribution when training trials are scheduled close together and it is easier to remember what happened on the preceding trial. In contrast, the emotional learning described by frustration theory is less sensitive to intertrial intervals and thus provides a better explanation of the partial-reinforcement extinction effect when widely spaced training trials are used
What the the two major conclusions of behavioural momentum?
The first is that behavioral momentum is directly related to the rate of reinforcement
Another common (but not universal) finding is that behavioral momentum is unrelated to response rate.
What the the two major conclusions of behavioural momentum?
The first is that behavioral momentum is directly related to the rate of reinforcement
Another common (but not universal) finding is that behavioral momentum is unrelated to response rate.
How can behavioural momentum be increased?
behavioral momentum should be increased by adding reinforcers to a component of a multiple schedule even if those reinforcers are not contingent on responding
How is interference increased?
More similarity between phases more interference
- CSs and USs
- contextual cues
- Temporal cues
What are the types of interference?
A then B
Proactive - forgetting of B
Retroactive - forgetting of A
Cue - interference between stimulus
Outcome - interference between outcome
What is Bouton’s retrieval theory?
Retrieval is based on context cues
context is based on space/time
