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Sport Psych > Lecture 10 - Expertise > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Expertise Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Ericcsson & Charness (1994) definition of expertise?

A

” Consistenyl superior performance on a specified set of representative tasks”
Ericsson argued the theory of delibertae practice is hugely importat
Software = learned stuff

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2
Q

What did Galton say?

A

hereditary genuis

  • eminence/ fame is inevitable of natural ability
  • argued evolution must also apply to mental characteristics
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3
Q

Who countered Galton?

A

John watson - give me perfect world i can make a child an expert in anything

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4
Q

What were Ericsson’s 3 lines of evidence that support nature

A
  1. Child prodigies
  2. Savants
  3. Heritability (Mz/Dz twins(
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5
Q

What was Ericssons view on child prodigies?

A
  • Most child prodigies never attain exceptional levels of performance
  • 10,000 hours still applys for child prodigies
  • Early instruction and maximal parental support is much more important than innate talent
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6
Q

Outline Polgar Daughters

A

1992: 1st, 2nd and 6th chess
- Judit Polgar was grandmaster at 15, world number 1 women for 30 years, top 10 across genders
- Lazlo Polgar set out to make an env that would produce world class chess players
- ‘Genuises are made, not born”

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7
Q

What are savants

A

Memory that is exceedingly deep, but very narrow

  • Skills like calender counting
  • Skills like musical reciting
  • E.g. stephen wiltshire
  • Ericcson says you cant really teach this stuff
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8
Q

Outline environmentability vs heritability

A

Everything that isnt determined by genetics = environmentability

  • E.g. muscle fibre distribution, aerobic capacity are 90% genetics, but can still be changed - training/ drugs
  • Heart size, lung capacity, joint flexibility, bone strength can all be changed by training
  • Body shapes arent always a constraint
  • But certain body types are suited to certain sports
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9
Q

What did Norton & Olds (2004) do? in women

A

height by sport

  • over time, body shape/ height is more diverse
  • Certain body types suited to certain sports
  • Basketball heaviest, gymnasts lightest
  • lacrosse has wide range, tennis doesnt
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10
Q

What did Norton & Olds (2004) do? in men

A
  • jockey was lightest, sumo/ lifting/ shotput was heaviest

- wide range in rugby unions, little range in shot put

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11
Q

How does Height affect salary in NBA

A

Taller = more money
7ft = 6.1 million
6 ft 4 = 3.3 million
- If someone is 7ft, under 40 in USA = 1 in 6 they are NBA

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12
Q

Who came up with Theory of deliberate practice

A

Ericsson & Charness (1994)

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13
Q

Outline Ericsson & Charness (1994) theory of deliberate practice

A
  • Level of expertise = determined by amount and type of training and practice
  • has to be useful practice
  • experts roughlyhave 10,000 hours of deliberate practice
  • 4 hours a day, 5 days a week, 50 weeks a year, for 10 years
  • individualised training on tasks selected by qualified teacher
  • Considerable, specific and sustained efforts to do something you cant do well yet
  • dont do things you can do
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14
Q

How does env interact with 10,000 rule?

A

Need to create an env where 10,000 rule is achievable - agassi
- can be harmful though

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15
Q

What was the 1st prediction from theory of deliberate practice?

A

ELITES SPECIALISE AND ENGAGE IN MORE DELIBERATE PRACTICE EARLIER THAN NON-ELITES

  • you should try loads then just specialise
  • need to start young in some sports anyway
  • For adult peak sports, early diversification is important
  • the best decision makers competed in other team sports during team years
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16
Q

Outline Law et al (2007)

A

Found that in canadian olympic rhytmic gymnasts, they had:
- poorer physical health
- higher injury rate
- lower enjoymenet
- so starting early can be negative
- early diversification is associated with:
• higher amount of play
•more hours in practice of primary sport - fun but semi-organised participation

17
Q

What was the second prediction of theory of deliberate practice?

A

ELITE ATHLETES DO MORE HOURS OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE THAN SUB-ELITES

  • Not always 10,000 hours though, can be 4,000 or 6,000 etc
  • Lots of variability (Chess masters = 3,000- 23,000)
18
Q

Outline the berlin muscian academy study

A

By age 10, there was discrepancy in how much practice ‘good’ violinists had done and how much the ‘best’ had done
- shows correlation between level achieved and aount of practice

19
Q

Outline Ford et al (2012)

A

Participant history questionnaire

  • Looked at brazilian/ english football kids
  • Asked them about amount of time in competition, in practice and in play
  • More practice in england during early years
  • brazils did more play when young
  • more competiton in england, but less play
20
Q

What were Côteé & Fraser (2008) criticism of theory of deliberate practice?

A

leaves out motivation
- what about fun, enjoymen and deliberate play?

6-12 years = 80:20 play to practice, 3-4 sports

21
Q

What were cote and frasers stages of development of sport participation

A

•6-12 years - sampling years

  • 80:20 play to practice,
  • 3-4 sports

•13-15 - specliasing years

  • 50:50
  • 2/3

•16+ - investment years

  • 20:80
  • 1-2 sports
22
Q

What are criticisms of 10,000 rule

A

X - cant prove it, cant find those with 10,000 hours who arent experts
X - relys on retrospective recall (likely to say you did more practice when you didnt)
X - ignores invidual variability - may be better before 10,000
X - ignores genetics

23
Q

Outline Bouchard et al (1999)

A

V02 max - 20 week incremental exercise programme

  • Some responded better to V02 training than others
  • says genetics is important
24
Q

Describe the relative age effect

A

Kids of the same age, have different body types/ shapes/ heights

  • when you are born in your year group
  • physical characteristics are important but vary a lot
25
Q

Outline Wattie & Baker (2013) birthday month

A

If you’re old for your year, more likely to:

  • be in top 20% of achievers in school
  • be gifted and talented
  • adopt leadership positions

IF your’e young, more likely to:

  • have special/ educational needs
  • refereed for counselling
  • lower self-esteem
  • have ADHD
26
Q

How does birthday month apply to sports contexts?

A

Old for your year, more likely to:

  • be selected to academies
  • play for country

Young, more likely to:

  • Higher salaries
  • Longer career
  • Overepresented in gymanstics
27
Q

Outline Jackson et al (2008-2014) in premiership academy

A

Academy argued they selected based on ability

  • But found june/ july born much less likely to be there
  • most were sept/oct
  • Argued this effect was just passed on from the teams they had selected players from
  • but these teams had no way near the same effet
28
Q

Outline relative age effect - Helson, Van Winckel & Williams (2005)

A

Looked at european national football youth teams
- 43% in U16/17 were from first 3 months
- 9% if your last 3 months
- 8.5: 1 to be selected for team if youre born in aug
- older kids (bigger, stronger, quicker) get selected more, get better early sucess, making them more motivated
-

29
Q

Outline Helson et al (2000)

A

1997 belgian football federation

  • changed start of selection year so august were eldest
  • Most players selected were therefore born then
  • Changed it back the next year, and the effects were reversed
30
Q 
Outline Abernethy (1990) - software advantages
- Anticipation skill
A

Showed experts and novices video of squash player but cut it off, asked p’s where ball was heading

  • Experts better at using advanced posutral and contextual info
  • Even in earlier cut offs, experts did better
  • Had higher anticipation skill which they had learned
31
Q

Outline Wright & Jackson (2015) - software advantages

- deception perception

A

Showed experts/ novices videos of step overs - cut it off though

  • Cut the clip at certain points to see how many errors were made
  • Normal video = not much difference
  • Cut it off early - experts do better
32
Q

Outline Mcleod (1987) - software advantages, anticipation skill

A

Pitched balls to cricketors using a machine, but changed how far away pitch was

  • Over pitched, good lenght, or short pitched
  • then added spin so it deviated suddenly
  • Elites could adjust to deviations if it was far away, but not close/ short
33
Q

What are the conclusions?

A

genetics certainly plays a rule

  • but stuff we can control is most importnt
  • surest road to expertise = practice

Sport Psych (10 decks)

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