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Cell Bio and Histology - Heckert > Lecture 10-17 - Post Midterm > Flashcards

Lecture 10-17 - Post Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

State True or False:

In connective tissue:

  1. Large amount of cells
  2. Abundant matrix
    3, Matrix contains fixed amounts of protein fibers
  3. Connective tissue is typically classified on the basis of
    the type of matrix, fiber density, and fiber
    organization.
A
  1. False; Relatively few cells
  2. True
  3. False; Varying amount of protein fibers
  4. True
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2
Q

State three functions of connective tissue:

A
  • Physically supports other tissues
  • Binds tissues together
  • Provides structural framework and opposes gravity
  • Helps to create body contours
  • Houses specialized tissues (i.e.):
  • Blood forming tissues (hematopoietic)
  • Lymphoid organs
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3
Q

Which CT is Usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs

A

Loose CT

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4
Q

Which CT has a High ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components

A

Loose

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5
Q

Which CT has High ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts

A

Dense CT

also has thicker bundles of collagen than loose CT

irregular=no specific orientation

regular=highly ordered bundles

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6
Q

What class of CT is found in stroma of the spleen and lymph nodes and allows things to be packed in between the fibers?

A

Reticular

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7
Q

State the Location and Function of:

Type I Collagen

Type II Collagen

Type III Collagen

Type IV Collagen

A
  1. General CT and bone, tensile strength
  2. hyaline and elastic cartilage, tensile strength
  3. parenchyma or argans and walls of blood vessels, reticular framework
  4. basement membranes, meshwork and scaffolding
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8
Q

Terminal non-helical ends are cleaved to form __________

A

tropocollagen

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9
Q

Tropocollagen spontaneously assembles into staggered arrays to form
collagen fibers with characteristic ___nm banded pattern

A

64 nm

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10
Q

Where does synthesis of procollagen and hydroxylation of lysine and proline take place?

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

Review figure 4-5 collagen synthesis

A

slide 15

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12
Q

Elastin is synthesized as a ….

secreted as a…..

converted to….

and what aids it’s assembly into amorphous fibers?

A

prepropeptide (pre- is signal sequence into ER)

propeptide

tropoelastin

fibrillin

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13
Q

The cleaving of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen, converting it to tropocollagen, occurs where?

A

Immediatly after secretion

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage?

A. type II collagen

B. not surrounded by perichondrium

C. found in intervertebral discs

D. increased collagen in the matrix

E. neither A nor B are characteristic of fibrocartiladge

A

A. type II collagen

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15
Q

Which of the following is not part of haversian system?

A. periosteum

B. lacunae

C. lamellae

D. Volkmann canals

E. Canalciuli

A

A. Periosteum

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following?

A. osteoprotegerin

B. M-CSF

C. RANKL

D. all of the above.

E. only B and C

A

E. only B and C

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17
Q

Type I collagen is synthesized as a ______________

A

prepropeptide

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18
Q

Pro-collagen molecule with terminal non-helical ends is secreted into extracellular matrix by ___________

A

fibroblasts

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19
Q

during synthesis of collagen, The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the packaging and secretion of _______

A

preprocollagen

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20
Q

Collagen can be synthesized in which of the following?

A. Fibroblasts

B. Osteoblasts

C. Chondroblasts

D. Odontoblasts

E. A and C

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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21
Q

During collagen synthesis, the RER is responsible for the synthesis of _____ and _____, and hydroxylation of _____ and ____, glycosylation and disulfide bond formation

A

precollagen and procollagen

lysine and proline

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22
Q

Enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain of procollagen forms:

A

tropocollagen

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23
Q

Self-aggregation in a staggered array of tropocollagen molecules forms a:

A

collagen fibril

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24
Q

Side by side cross linking of collagen fibrils forms:

A

Collagen fibers

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25
Q

State in correct order from earliest to final product:

Tropocollagen

Collagen fibril

Procollagen

Collagen fiber

A

PRO TRO IL ER

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26
Q

What two things mediate the formation of collagen fibers?

A

FACIT collagen and proteoglycans

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27
Q

T/F: Ehlers-danlos syndrome involves mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes

A

True

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28
Q

Strickler syndrome is characterized by:

A

myopia, hypolasia of lower jaw, arthritis - COL2A1 gene is mutated

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29
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1 is associated with:

A

COL1A1 mutations and bone fragility

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30
Q

Elastin is assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of what?

A

fibrillin

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31
Q

Which of the following synthesizes elastin?

Fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

A

both

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32
Q

Review slide 17: formation of elastic fibers

A
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33
Q

What is the defect responsible for Marfan syndrome?

A

gene encoding fibrillin-1

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34
Q

What is the difference between Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes?

A

Fibrocytes are fibroblats that have slowed down production of building and are more concerned with maintaining

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35
Q

State the Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes functions:

A

• Secretion and maintenance of CT matrix
• Secrete precursor fibrous molecules
• Secrete the amorphous components of the matrix,
including the glycosaminoglycans.

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36
Q

T/F: Hyaluronic acid GAGs are normally found in the Basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules

A

False,

Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, and general CT

heparin and heparan sulfate are found in basement membrane, etc.

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37
Q

Proteoglycans are extracellular protein complexes composed of:

A

Glycoaminoglycans

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38
Q

In proteoglycan formation, state the order in which the below happen:

A. Glycoaminoglycans attach to a core protein

B. An axial hyaluronan molecule (backbone) is present for attachment

C. Core proteins attach to the hyaluronan molecule by a linker protein

A

B, C, A

Slide 23

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39
Q

What other types of cells reside in Fibrous CT?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Plasma cells
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40
Q

What molecules are Involved in hypersensitive
response to allergens

A

Mast cell

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41
Q

Which type of cell has Large pale nuclei with “clock-face” distribution of chromatin and are prominent in the Golgi?

A

Plasma cells (slide 27 detailed info)

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42
Q

Define each of the following stages of Tumor invasion:

A. Carcinoma in situ

B. Microinvasive carcinoma

C. Invasive carcinoma

A

A. tumor cells are present but have not invaded basement membrane

B. tumor cells invate past basement membrane through release of their own Collagen IV

C. Tumors start their invasive phase, and secrete autocrine motility factors, vascular permeability factors and angiogenic factors. THIS IS METASTASIS

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43
Q

Unilocular Adipocytes are:

A

White fat is distributed throughout the body

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44
Q

Multilocular Adipocytes are:

A

Brown fat cells contain numerous smaller lipid droplets

Abundant mitochondria, which give them their brown coloration

dissipate energy instead of store (storage us white)

BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ON PHOTOMICROGRAPH

45
Q

What is Leptin used for?

A

hormone produced primarily by white adipose tissue. provides information about the fat mass and nutritional status to neural centers regulating appetite, energy balance and feeding.

46
Q

Review slide 31: regulation of adipocyte function

A
47
Q

Review photomicrograph slides from lecture 10!!!!

A
48
Q

Describe: Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common type of cartilage
  • Contains type II collagen fibers

Location:
• External auditory meatus
• Larynx
• Tracheal cartilages
• Bronchial cartilages
• Fetal long bones
• Articular ends of bones

49
Q

Hyaline cartilage has two types of growth patterns

Appositional

Interstitial

Describe each

A

Appositional: growth on the surface of a object. CANNOT exert stuff into existing structre

Intersitial: Unique to living organisms. Add living material within the constraints of a material

50
Q

Matrix of cartilage contains:

A
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Collagen fibers
  • Proteoglycans

Review slide 46

51
Q

Elastic Cartilage is found where?

A
  • Found in:
  • Auricle (pinna) of the ear
  • Epiglottis

YELLOW due to elastic fibers

Type II collagen plus elastic fibers

52
Q

Describe Fibrocartilage:

A
  • Increased collagen in the matrix
  • Not surrounded by perichondrium
  • Type I collagen

Locations:
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Insertion of some tendons and ligaments
• Closely associated with dense connective tissue or
hyaline cartilage

53
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

A

It is avascular

54
Q

Chondrocytes occupy small cavities in extracellular matrix called:

A

Lacunae

55
Q

Review slides 52-53 for types of growth detail.

A
56
Q

Bone is formed by ______ which become _______

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes

57
Q
  • Hydroxyapatite:
  • inorganic
  • _______% of matrix
A

35 – 65%

58
Q

Compact bone is also called ______

A

lamellar bone

59
Q

Describe Compact Bone:

A

• Lacks cavities and forms a dense plate on the outside of long
bones or flat bones.

• Consists of concentric (Haversian) lamellae which encircle a
central blood vessel (and associated nerves) forming an
osteon, or Haversian system

60
Q

• Volkmann’s canals run _______ to the Haversian canals
and connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the
surface of the bone

A

perpendicular

61
Q

Spongy bone:
• Also called trabecular or cancellous bone

Is responsible for what?

A

forms trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long
bones and flat bones

62
Q

Know all letters in slide 64

A
63
Q

Does spongy bone have a haversian system?

A

No

64
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers? (slide 65)

A

collagen fibers derived from the outer layer of the periosteum, projecting into the outer circumferential lamellar system

They hold periostium and attach ligaments to bone

65
Q

Can blood vessels in a haversian canal run parallel to the bone shaft?

A

yes

66
Q

When looking at bone, what form the concentric array?

A

lamellae

67
Q

Be able to describe, Epiphysis, Metaphysis and Diaphysis (shaft) of a bone

A

Epi-top or bottom, Meta - adjacent to epi, diaphsyis - shaft

68
Q

What are the products and functions of Osteoblasts?

A

Organic matrix of bone (osteoid)and control mineralization of matrix

Major protein projucts:

Type 1 collagen

RANKL (receptor for RANK)

Osteocalcin - required for bone mineralization

Osteopontin - mediate the formation of sealing bone

Bone sialoprotein - mediate binding of osteoblasts to extracellular matrix

69
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to ___________

A

osteoblasts and bone lining cells.

70
Q

______________ is the primary regulator of bone
turnover

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

71
Q

At low PTH levels, bone formation by osteoblasts is _______

A

stimulated

72
Q

At high PTH levels, osteoblasts are stimulated to release
____________.

A

osteoclast-differentiation factors

73
Q

describe osteitis fibrosa

A

Elevated PTH levels result in eroded bone and fibrosis of the
resulting spaces

74
Q

The osteoblast is stimulated to synthesize ____ and ____

A

M-CSF and RANKL

75
Q

Calcitonin acts to _______ bone resorption

A

reduce

76
Q

Review slide 76 - lecture 10!!! Osteoclast formation

A
77
Q

If you dont have osteoblasts you dont form _____

(Cleidocranial dysplasia)

A

bone

78
Q

Patients with brittle bone disease dont form:

A

Osteocytes

79
Q

be able to walk through slides 79-81

Osteoclast function/differentiation and RANKL signalling

A
80
Q

Start of Lecture 11:

Walk through steps of Intramembranous Bone formation and Endhochondral bone formation

A
81
Q

In Endochondral Bone Formation Cartilage is ______ by bone

A

REPLACED

82
Q

Ossification occurs first in the _________

A

diaphysis

83
Q

What is the name of the separating plate of hyaline cartilage that is between the Epihasis and Diaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

84
Q

articular cartilage is…

A

Cartilage at either end of
bone

85
Q

Hypertrophic chondrocytes:

A

Form calcified matrix
Synthesize type X collagen
Secrete vascular endothelial GF
Signal perichondrial cells to become osteoblasts

86
Q

______ cartilage is the template of long bone

A

Hyaline

87
Q

All epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone except…

A

for articular surface

88
Q

Describe:

Reserve zone

Proliferative zone

Hypertrophic zone

Vascular Zone

A

Reserve zone - primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for growth in length

Proliferative - proliferating chondrozytes align as vertical and parallel columns

Hypertrophic zone - apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of matrix

Vascular invasion zone - blood vessels penetrate to transverse calcified septa

89
Q

A joint is

A

where two bones come together.

90
Q

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) are..

A

Bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Two types: Symphysis (fibro) and Synchrondrosis (hyaline)

91
Q

Fibrous joints (synarthroses) are:

A

Bones are joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous CT

3 types: Suture, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis

92
Q

Synovial joints (diarthroses) are:

A

These are the movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule
surrounding a fluid-filled joint space.

1 plane movement: monaxial [knee],

2-biaxial [fingers],

3 - triaxial [shoulder]

93
Q

The space of a synovial joint between two bones is called the:

A

Synovial cavity

94
Q

Synovial fluid is produced by:

A

synovial cells

95
Q

Review slide 46 - epiphyseal plate identification (lecture 11)

A
96
Q

Start of lecture 12

Blood is about __ percent of the body’s total weight

A

8

97
Q

Plasma is

A

blood minus the formed elements

Contains albumin, fibrinogen, IGs, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts

98
Q

Serum is

A

plasma without the blood-clotting proteins

Lacks fibrinogen

99
Q

Buffy coat of centrifuged blood contains

A

(leukocytes)

Precipitate (sedimented red blood cells)

Supernatant (plasma)

100
Q

Fibrinogens are made where, function as what, and target for

A

Liver

Blood clotting

Thrombin

101
Q

Where are albumins made?

A

Liver

102
Q

Which type of blood cell is void of granules and organelles?

A

RBCs - Erythrocytes

103
Q

Number of RBCs are influenced by ______ which is produced in the ____

A

erythropoietin, kidney

104
Q

What DO erythrocytes contain?

A

• Major contents:
• Lipids
• ATP
• Carbonic anhydrase
• Hemoglobin

• Proteins:
• About 50% are integral membrane proteins
• Peripheral proteins
• Spectrin
• Actin (bound via ankyrin)

105
Q

What protein binds to actin and spectrin and helps shape the RBCs?

A

Protein 4.1

106
Q

What are the two major transmembrane proteins on an RBC, exposed to the outer surface?

A

Glycophorin

and

anion transporter channel (band3) - anion transporter allows HCO3- to cross membrane in exchange for Cl-

107
Q

The major structural protein is ___, a member of
the calponin family of actin-binding proteins

A

spectrin

108
Q

______ links the spectrin-actin network and the
plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a
transmembrane protein (band 3).

A

Ankyrin

109
Q

Start up again on slide 15 Lecture 12

A

Cell Bio and Histology - Heckert (7 decks)

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