Lecture 10-17 - Post Midterm Flashcards
State True or False:
In connective tissue:
- Large amount of cells
- Abundant matrix
3, Matrix contains fixed amounts of protein fibers - Connective tissue is typically classified on the basis of
the type of matrix, fiber density, and fiber
organization.
- False; Relatively few cells
- True
- False; Varying amount of protein fibers
- True
State three functions of connective tissue:
- Physically supports other tissues
- Binds tissues together
- Provides structural framework and opposes gravity
- Helps to create body contours
- Houses specialized tissues (i.e.):
- Blood forming tissues (hematopoietic)
- Lymphoid organs
Which CT is Usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs
Loose CT
Which CT has a High ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components
Loose
Which CT has High ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts
Dense CT
also has thicker bundles of collagen than loose CT
irregular=no specific orientation
regular=highly ordered bundles
What class of CT is found in stroma of the spleen and lymph nodes and allows things to be packed in between the fibers?
Reticular
State the Location and Function of:
Type I Collagen
Type II Collagen
Type III Collagen
Type IV Collagen
- General CT and bone, tensile strength
- hyaline and elastic cartilage, tensile strength
- parenchyma or argans and walls of blood vessels, reticular framework
- basement membranes, meshwork and scaffolding
Terminal non-helical ends are cleaved to form __________
tropocollagen
Tropocollagen spontaneously assembles into staggered arrays to form
collagen fibers with characteristic ___nm banded pattern
64 nm
Where does synthesis of procollagen and hydroxylation of lysine and proline take place?
Rough ER
Review figure 4-5 collagen synthesis
slide 15
Elastin is synthesized as a ….
secreted as a…..
converted to….
and what aids it’s assembly into amorphous fibers?
prepropeptide (pre- is signal sequence into ER)
propeptide
tropoelastin
fibrillin
The cleaving of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen, converting it to tropocollagen, occurs where?
Immediatly after secretion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
A. type II collagen
B. not surrounded by perichondrium
C. found in intervertebral discs
D. increased collagen in the matrix
E. neither A nor B are characteristic of fibrocartiladge
A. type II collagen
Which of the following is not part of haversian system?
A. periosteum
B. lacunae
C. lamellae
D. Volkmann canals
E. Canalciuli
A. Periosteum
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following?
A. osteoprotegerin
B. M-CSF
C. RANKL
D. all of the above.
E. only B and C
E. only B and C
Type I collagen is synthesized as a ______________
prepropeptide
Pro-collagen molecule with terminal non-helical ends is secreted into extracellular matrix by ___________
fibroblasts
during synthesis of collagen, The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the packaging and secretion of _______
preprocollagen
Collagen can be synthesized in which of the following?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Chondroblasts
D. Odontoblasts
E. A and C
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
During collagen synthesis, the RER is responsible for the synthesis of _____ and _____, and hydroxylation of _____ and ____, glycosylation and disulfide bond formation
precollagen and procollagen
lysine and proline
Enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain of procollagen forms:
tropocollagen
Self-aggregation in a staggered array of tropocollagen molecules forms a:
collagen fibril
Side by side cross linking of collagen fibrils forms:
Collagen fibers
State in correct order from earliest to final product:
Tropocollagen
Collagen fibril
Procollagen
Collagen fiber
PRO TRO IL ER
What two things mediate the formation of collagen fibers?
FACIT collagen and proteoglycans
T/F: Ehlers-danlos syndrome involves mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes
True
Strickler syndrome is characterized by:
myopia, hypolasia of lower jaw, arthritis - COL2A1 gene is mutated
Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1 is associated with:
COL1A1 mutations and bone fragility
Elastin is assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of what?
fibrillin
Which of the following synthesizes elastin?
Fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells
both
Review slide 17: formation of elastic fibers
What is the defect responsible for Marfan syndrome?
gene encoding fibrillin-1
What is the difference between Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes?
Fibrocytes are fibroblats that have slowed down production of building and are more concerned with maintaining
State the Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes functions:
• Secretion and maintenance of CT matrix
• Secrete precursor fibrous molecules
• Secrete the amorphous components of the matrix,
including the glycosaminoglycans.
T/F: Hyaluronic acid GAGs are normally found in the Basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules
False,
Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, and general CT
heparin and heparan sulfate are found in basement membrane, etc.
Proteoglycans are extracellular protein complexes composed of:
Glycoaminoglycans
In proteoglycan formation, state the order in which the below happen:
A. Glycoaminoglycans attach to a core protein
B. An axial hyaluronan molecule (backbone) is present for attachment
C. Core proteins attach to the hyaluronan molecule by a linker protein
B, C, A
Slide 23
What other types of cells reside in Fibrous CT?
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Plasma cells
What molecules are Involved in hypersensitive
response to allergens
Mast cell
Which type of cell has Large pale nuclei with “clock-face” distribution of chromatin and are prominent in the Golgi?
Plasma cells (slide 27 detailed info)
Define each of the following stages of Tumor invasion:
A. Carcinoma in situ
B. Microinvasive carcinoma
C. Invasive carcinoma
A. tumor cells are present but have not invaded basement membrane
B. tumor cells invate past basement membrane through release of their own Collagen IV
C. Tumors start their invasive phase, and secrete autocrine motility factors, vascular permeability factors and angiogenic factors. THIS IS METASTASIS
Unilocular Adipocytes are:
White fat is distributed throughout the body
Multilocular Adipocytes are:
Brown fat cells contain numerous smaller lipid droplets
Abundant mitochondria, which give them their brown coloration
dissipate energy instead of store (storage us white)
BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ON PHOTOMICROGRAPH
What is Leptin used for?
hormone produced primarily by white adipose tissue. provides information about the fat mass and nutritional status to neural centers regulating appetite, energy balance and feeding.
Review slide 31: regulation of adipocyte function
Review photomicrograph slides from lecture 10!!!!
Describe: Hyaline Cartilage
- Most common type of cartilage
- Contains type II collagen fibers
Location:
• External auditory meatus
• Larynx
• Tracheal cartilages
• Bronchial cartilages
• Fetal long bones
• Articular ends of bones
Hyaline cartilage has two types of growth patterns
Appositional
Interstitial
Describe each
Appositional: growth on the surface of a object. CANNOT exert stuff into existing structre
Intersitial: Unique to living organisms. Add living material within the constraints of a material
Matrix of cartilage contains:
- Chondroitin sulfate
- Collagen fibers
- Proteoglycans
Review slide 46
Elastic Cartilage is found where?
- Found in:
- Auricle (pinna) of the ear
- Epiglottis
YELLOW due to elastic fibers
Type II collagen plus elastic fibers
Describe Fibrocartilage:
- Increased collagen in the matrix
- Not surrounded by perichondrium
- Type I collagen
Locations:
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Insertion of some tendons and ligaments
• Closely associated with dense connective tissue or
hyaline cartilage
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
It is avascular
Chondrocytes occupy small cavities in extracellular matrix called:
Lacunae
Review slides 52-53 for types of growth detail.
Bone is formed by ______ which become _______
osteoblasts, osteocytes
- Hydroxyapatite:
- inorganic
- _______% of matrix
35 – 65%
Compact bone is also called ______
lamellar bone
Describe Compact Bone:
• Lacks cavities and forms a dense plate on the outside of long
bones or flat bones.
• Consists of concentric (Haversian) lamellae which encircle a
central blood vessel (and associated nerves) forming an
osteon, or Haversian system
• Volkmann’s canals run _______ to the Haversian canals
and connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the
surface of the bone
perpendicular
Spongy bone:
• Also called trabecular or cancellous bone
Is responsible for what?
forms trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long
bones and flat bones
Know all letters in slide 64
Does spongy bone have a haversian system?
No
What are Sharpey’s fibers? (slide 65)
collagen fibers derived from the outer layer of the periosteum, projecting into the outer circumferential lamellar system
They hold periostium and attach ligaments to bone
Can blood vessels in a haversian canal run parallel to the bone shaft?
yes
When looking at bone, what form the concentric array?
lamellae
Be able to describe, Epiphysis, Metaphysis and Diaphysis (shaft) of a bone
Epi-top or bottom, Meta - adjacent to epi, diaphsyis - shaft
What are the products and functions of Osteoblasts?
Organic matrix of bone (osteoid)and control mineralization of matrix
Major protein projucts:
Type 1 collagen
RANKL (receptor for RANK)
Osteocalcin - required for bone mineralization
Osteopontin - mediate the formation of sealing bone
Bone sialoprotein - mediate binding of osteoblasts to extracellular matrix
Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to ___________
osteoblasts and bone lining cells.
______________ is the primary regulator of bone
turnover
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
At low PTH levels, bone formation by osteoblasts is _______
stimulated
At high PTH levels, osteoblasts are stimulated to release
____________.
osteoclast-differentiation factors
describe osteitis fibrosa
Elevated PTH levels result in eroded bone and fibrosis of the
resulting spaces
The osteoblast is stimulated to synthesize ____ and ____
M-CSF and RANKL
Calcitonin acts to _______ bone resorption
reduce
Review slide 76 - lecture 10!!! Osteoclast formation
If you dont have osteoblasts you dont form _____
(Cleidocranial dysplasia)
bone
Patients with brittle bone disease dont form:
Osteocytes
be able to walk through slides 79-81
Osteoclast function/differentiation and RANKL signalling
Start of Lecture 11:
Walk through steps of Intramembranous Bone formation and Endhochondral bone formation
In Endochondral Bone Formation Cartilage is ______ by bone
REPLACED
Ossification occurs first in the _________
diaphysis
What is the name of the separating plate of hyaline cartilage that is between the Epihasis and Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage is…
Cartilage at either end of
bone
Hypertrophic chondrocytes:
Form calcified matrix
Synthesize type X collagen
Secrete vascular endothelial GF
Signal perichondrial cells to become osteoblasts
______ cartilage is the template of long bone
Hyaline
All epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone except…
for articular surface
Describe:
Reserve zone
Proliferative zone
Hypertrophic zone
Vascular Zone
Reserve zone - primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for growth in length
Proliferative - proliferating chondrozytes align as vertical and parallel columns
Hypertrophic zone - apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of matrix
Vascular invasion zone - blood vessels penetrate to transverse calcified septa
A joint is
where two bones come together.
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) are..
Bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Two types: Symphysis (fibro) and Synchrondrosis (hyaline)
Fibrous joints (synarthroses) are:
Bones are joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous CT
3 types: Suture, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis
Synovial joints (diarthroses) are:
These are the movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule
surrounding a fluid-filled joint space.
1 plane movement: monaxial [knee],
2-biaxial [fingers],
3 - triaxial [shoulder]
The space of a synovial joint between two bones is called the:
Synovial cavity
Synovial fluid is produced by:
synovial cells
Review slide 46 - epiphyseal plate identification (lecture 11)
Start of lecture 12
Blood is about __ percent of the body’s total weight
8
Plasma is
blood minus the formed elements
Contains albumin, fibrinogen, IGs, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts
Serum is
plasma without the blood-clotting proteins
Lacks fibrinogen
Buffy coat of centrifuged blood contains
(leukocytes)
Precipitate (sedimented red blood cells)
Supernatant (plasma)
Fibrinogens are made where, function as what, and target for
Liver
Blood clotting
Thrombin
Where are albumins made?
Liver
Which type of blood cell is void of granules and organelles?
RBCs - Erythrocytes
Number of RBCs are influenced by ______ which is produced in the ____
erythropoietin, kidney
What DO erythrocytes contain?
• Major contents:
• Lipids
• ATP
• Carbonic anhydrase
• Hemoglobin
• Proteins:
• About 50% are integral membrane proteins
• Peripheral proteins
• Spectrin
• Actin (bound via ankyrin)
What protein binds to actin and spectrin and helps shape the RBCs?
Protein 4.1
What are the two major transmembrane proteins on an RBC, exposed to the outer surface?
Glycophorin
and
anion transporter channel (band3) - anion transporter allows HCO3- to cross membrane in exchange for Cl-
The major structural protein is ___, a member of
the calponin family of actin-binding proteins
spectrin
______ links the spectrin-actin network and the
plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a
transmembrane protein (band 3).
Ankyrin
Start up again on slide 15 Lecture 12
