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Nutr607 > Lecture 1: Nutrition During Infancy > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Nutrition During Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Infancy age is (less than/greater) than _______ year

A

less than 1 year

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2
Q

Newborn/Neonate age

A

greater than 1 month

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3
Q

Premature infant: born before?

A

37 weeks of pregnancy

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4
Q

Postmature infant: born after?

A

42 weeks of pregnancy

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5
Q

Full term infant is _______ to __________ weeks of pregnancy

A

37-42 weeks of pregnancy

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6
Q

Infant Body weight (kg)

A

2.5-3.8kg

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7
Q

Infant Body weight (lb)

A

5.5-8.5lb

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8
Q

Infant Length (cm)

A

47-54cm

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9
Q

Infant Length (in)

A

18.5-21.5in

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10
Q

What % of US infants are born in full term?

A

90%

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11
Q

How do you assess the nutritional status of an infant?

A

ABCD

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12
Q

Describe Anthropometrics for infant nutrition assessment

A

weight height head circumference, WHO chart

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13
Q

Describe Biometrics for infant nutrition assessment

A

glucose, lipids, protein, electrolyte

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14
Q

Describe Clinical Manifestations for infant nutrition assessment

A

Jaundice- Bilrubin
dehydration

Untreated jaundice may cause brain damage and neurological damage

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15
Q

Describe Dietary for infant nutrition assessment

A

Check how much babies are consuming breast milk and/or infant formula, wet diapers, stool frequency

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16
Q

Warning signs in growth assesment

A

– Lack of body wt and ht gain
– Plateau: wt, ht and head circumference >1 month
– Drop: wt

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17
Q

What is the standard newborn growth assessment? (3)

A

Height, Weight, head circumference

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18
Q

WHO growth chart age range?

A

infants 0-2 years old

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19
Q

CDC growth chart age range?

A

2-18 years old

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20
Q

During what age range do infants have the biggest growth spurt?

A

0-3 months

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21
Q

Infants ________ weight at first then _______ it by the ______ to ________ day

A

lose, regain, 7th, 10th

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22
Q

infants double their weight by what months?

A

4th to 6th months

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23
Q

infants triple their weight by ________ year?

A

1 year

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24
Q

What are the 4 developmental milestones during infancy? individual variation

A

1 month: lifts head
3 month: holds head up & starts to roll over
6 months: sitting, starts crawling, teething
12 months: starts to walk

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25
Q

1 month developmental milestone?

A

lifts head

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26
Q

3 month developmental milestone?

A

holds head up & starts to roll over

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27
Q

6 month developmental milestone?

A

sitting, starts crawling, teething

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28
Q

12 month developmental milestone?

A

starts to walk

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29
Q

Stomach capacity at birth (ml)

A

10-20ml

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30
Q

Stomach capacity at 1 year (ml)

A

200ml

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31
Q

Infancy total kcal: 0 to 6 months

A

90kcal/kg/day

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32
Q

CHO ratio needs for infant < 1 yr

A

39-53

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33
Q

Protein needs for infant < 1 yr

A

7-11

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34
Q

Fat needs for infant < 1 yr

A

40-50

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35
Q

Infancy total kcal: 7 to 12 months

A

80kcal/kg/day

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36
Q

Infancy Protein kcal: 0 to 6 months

A

1.5kcal/kg/day or 9.1g

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37
Q

Infancy Protein kcal: 7 to 12 months

A

1.2-1.5kcal/kg/day or 11g

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of infant feeding?

A

Colostrum, Breast milk, Infant formula

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39
Q

What is colostrum?

A

milk produced during the first several days following delivery (rich in antibodies)

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40
Q

Breast milk: Gold standard- Calories

A

5 Kcal/100 ml (20 Kcal/oz)

41
Q

Breast milk: Gold standard- CHO content

A

lactose 7.3%

42
Q

Breast milk: Gold standard- Protein content

A

protein 0.9%

43
Q

Breast milk: Gold standard- Fat content(% plus fatty acids)

A

fat 3-5%, SCFA, MCFA, ARA, EPA, DHA

44
Q

Benefits of breast feeding for baby? 8

A
  1. Help immune system maturation
  2. Anti-inflammatory factors
  3. Hypoallergic (reduce incidence of atopic dermiatitis, eczema and
    asthma)
  4. Acts as laxative
  5. Decrease incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  6. May reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes, leukemia, IBD
  7. Help Fe absorption
  8. Psychological effect (baby and mom)
45
Q

Benefits of breast feeding for mom? 7

A
  1. Psychological effect (baby and mom)
  2. Decrease in postpartum depression
    10.Increase oxytocin secretion  stimulate post partum uterine
    contractions, minimized blood loss
  3. Increase wt loss
    12.Contraceptive role (delay ovulation)
  4. No cost
  5. Handy, no bottle to warm up and wash
46
Q

What are the 2 infancy milestones?

A

self feeding and positive relationship with food/eating

47
Q

what is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

Sudden and unexplained death of an infant
under 1 year of age.
* crib death
* 2500 babies/yr in US

48
Q

How to prevent SIDS? 5

A

1) Put your baby on his/her back for sleep,
2) A firm mattress or other firm surface.
3) Prenatal care
4) Smoke-free environment
5) Home baby monitor

49
Q

What are the common nutrition problems in infants? 9

A
  • Milk allergy
  • Constipation
  • Acute diarrhea
  • Cholic
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
  • Fe-deficiency anemia
  • Vegetarian infants
  • BBTD
  • SIDS
50
Q

Milk allergy cause

A

Cause: milk antigen: b-lactoglobulin and a-lactoalbumin

51
Q

Milk allergy symptom

A

Symptom: diarrhea, vomit, rash, anaphylactic shock (rare)

52
Q

Milk allergy treatment?

A
  • Treatment: hydrolysate formulas
  • May related to other food allergy (egg, nuts, fish etc
53
Q

Stool characteristics

A

pasty, yellow, soft

54
Q

Stool frequency for 1 week old infant

A

4/d

55
Q

Stool frequency for 1 year old infant

A

1-2/d

56
Q

Constipation cuase (3)

A

inappropriate fluid intake, excessive fluid losses or
medications

57
Q

constipation is more common in ?

A

bottle-fed infant

58
Q

Constipation treatment (3)

A

1) Accurate preparation of formula
2) 2 additional oz of water after feeding
3) 2 oz of pear or apple juice per day

59
Q

Acute Diarrhea cause (3)

A

infection (bacterial, viral or, parasitic),
antibiotics or food intolerance

60
Q

Acute Diarrhea symptom (1)

A

diarrhea

61
Q

Acute Diarrhea treatment (2)

A

1) middle diarrhea: oral rehydration drink (juice,
pedialyte, Gatorade)
2) > 4d diarrhea causes 10% dehydration  need IV

62
Q

What is colic?

A

The sudden onset of irritability, fussiness or crying
* Episodes may appear at the same time each day
* Disappear at 3rd or 4th months

63
Q

Colic causes?

A

upset GI and feeding practices

64
Q

what are the 4 Colic Interventions

A

– rocking, swaddling, bathing
– change feeding position
– relieve gas
– check mom’s diet

65
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux treatment 6

A

1) avoid slumping
2) upright position during feeding
3) thickening formula with cereal (?)
4) try hydrolysate or AA based formula
5) eliminate dairy from mom’s diet (breast feeding)
6) if severe, may require pharmaceutical
or medical intervention

66
Q

Give 3 examples of standard infant formula

A

Enfamil, Similac, Good Start

67
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia treatment

A

iron supplements and iron-fortified
cereals at 4-6 months

68
Q

what supplement do vegan infants need?

A
  • vitamin D
    – vitamin B12
    – iron
    – possibly zinc
69
Q

When do you feed infant Portagen Specialized formula?

A

for patients with defective fat absorption and/or
defective lymphatic transport of fat (chylothorax)

70
Q

What is baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD)

A

An oral health disorder characterized by rampant dental caries associated with inappropriate infant
feeing practice

71
Q

baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) prevention (7)

A
  • Rub teeth and gums with cloth
  • No milk or juice bottle in bed
  • Clean teeth daily
  • Use a sip cup at a year old
  • Give the child water for thirst
  • Fluoride to prevent decay
  • Regular dental visi
72
Q

Role of prebiotics and probiotics in breast milk

A

prebiotics role: increase loctobacillus, bifido bacteria
 prevent the adhesion of pathgens to the GI
 immune function increase, allergies decrease

73
Q

Standard Infant formula ingredient and kcal/oz?

A

– cow’s milk w/o butterfat + vegetable oils, decreasing protein
– 20kcal/oz

Enfamil, Similac, Good Start

74
Q

Soy formula best for who?

A

– infants with Galactosemia or vegetarian family

75
Q

Soy Formula cons?

A

–Soy phytate can interfere with Ca, P, Zn and Fe absorption
– Adequate for promoting normal growth
– not recommended for premature infant

76
Q

When do you feed an infant protein hydrolysates?

A

CM allergy, soy allergy or significant malabsorption

77
Q

protein hydrolysates ingredient?

A

small peptide and free amino acid formula

78
Q

Give 3 examples of protein hydrolysates brands?

A

Nutramigen Lipil, Pregestimil, Alimentum Advance

79
Q

Amino acid formulas ingredient?

A

AA content

80
Q

When do you feed an infant Amino acid formulas?

A
  • for infant with protein hypersensitivity
81
Q

Give 3 examples of Amino acid formula brands?

A

Nutramigen AA lipil, EleCare, Neocate

82
Q

what are the 4 Specialized formulas?

A

– Portagen: for patients with defective fat absorption and/or
defective lymphatic transport of fat (chylothorax)
– Similac PM60/40: for infant who would benefit from lowered
mineral intake (impaired renal function)
– Organic
– Formula with probiotics

83
Q

When do you feed Similac Specialized formula to an infant?

A

– Similac PM60/40: for infant who would benefit from lowered
mineral intake (impaired renal function)

84
Q

Why is goat milk not recommended?

A

Goat’s milk
– high protein, low Vit C, folic acid and Fe

85
Q

Why evaporated milk formula is not recommended?

A

– poorly digested fat
– low EFA, , Fe, Zn, Vit E, Vit C
– excess protein, Na, K, Cl and P

86
Q

Why whole cow milk is not recommended?

A
  • high protein, low Vit C and iron
87
Q

Why skim/low fat milk is not recommended?

A

– high protein, low fat, Vit C and Fe

88
Q

4 proper feeding techniques and schedules

A
  • 15-20 min/bottle
  • 10-15 min/each breast
  • No air
  • Make them burp
89
Q

What 4 supplements are given to infants?

A

Vitamin k
Vitamin D
iron
Fluoride

90
Q

Vitamin K supplement dose and when?

A

single dose at birth, IM 0.5-1.0 mg

91
Q

Vitamin D supplement dose and who is at risk?

A

400 IU, D-Vi-Sol
breast-fed infants, especially at-risk infants
– northern urban area (winter)
– dark skined
– kept covered
– little exposure to sunlight
– mother with inadequate intake of vit D

92
Q

Iron supplement dose and when?

A

1 mg/kg/d by 4-6 month breast-fed infant

93
Q

Fluoride supplement dose and when?

A

if local water has no F from 6 M
0.25 mg/d depending on age

94
Q

Breast milk/formula should be exclusively given for the 1st_________ and continued to _____________ or longer

A

6 months, 2 year

95
Q

At what month introduce infant cereal/grind food

A

after 6 month

96
Q

ratio of solid food to breast milk

A

20% to 80%

97
Q

At what month feed 50% to 50%

A

10 month

98
Q

When to feed diet similar to rest of family?

A

1 year

Nutr607 (4 decks)

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