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Clinical Psychology > Lecture 1: Introduction and History > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction and History Flashcards

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1
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

The study of psychopathology. The field concerned with the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders

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2
Q

What is stigma concerning clinical psychology?

A

Stigma = destructive beliefs/attitudes held by society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner

People with psychological disorders are often stigmatized

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3
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of stigma?

A
  1. Label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
  2. Label is linked to deviant/undesirable attributes by society
  3. People with label are seen as essentially different from those without the label (us vs. them)
  4. People with label are discriminated against unfairly
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4
Q

What are 2 factors that can reduce stigma?

A
  1. Contact: get contact with someone with a disorder
  2. Familiarity: whether a person knows someone with a disorder
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5
Q

How can greater familiarity (e.g. as a caretaker or mental health professional) be associated with more stigma?

A

Family burden and job burnout can foster stigma. So it’s important that these people also are provided with support

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6
Q

What does DSM-5 stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition

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7
Q

What are the 6 aspects of a mental disorder concerning the DSM?

A
  1. Disorder is within an individual
  2. Involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling and behaving
  3. Involves personal distress
  4. Involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning
  5. Not culturally specific reaction to an event
  6. Not primarily result of social deviance/conflict with society
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8
Q

What are 3 key characteristics of psychological disorders?

A
  1. Personal distress
  2. Disability and dysfunction
  3. Violation of social norms
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9
Q

What is personal distress in a psychological disorder?

A

Suffering from distress in a disorder. But not all behavior that causes distress is disordered.

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10
Q

What is disability and dysfunction in a psychological disorder?

A

Disability = impairment in some important area of life
Dysfunction = something that has gone wrong and isn’t working as it should

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11
Q

What is violation of social norms in a psychological disorder?

A

Social norms are beliefs that people use to make judgments about whether a behavior is right or wrong. If someone violates this, it can be seen as disordered.

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12
Q

What were explanations of mental disorders before the age of scientific inquiry?

A

Supernatural explanations, displeasure of gods, possession by demons, bad spirits

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13
Q

What is exorcism?

A

Ritualistic casting out of evil spirits

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14
Q

Why were Hippocrates’ views so changing for his time?

A

He rejected Greek belief that the gods sent mental disturbances as punishment and insisted that such illnesses had natural causes and should be treated like other common maladies

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15
Q

What was Hippocrates’ explanation of the brain?

A

It was the organ for consciousness, intellect and emotion. Disordered thinking/behavior were indications of brain pathology

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16
Q

What were Hippocrates’ 3 categories of psychological disorders?

A
  1. Mania
  2. Melancholia
  3. Phrenetis/brain fever
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17
Q

With which 4 body fluids did Hippocrates explain healthy brain functioning?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Black bile (secreted by kidneys)
  3. Yellow bile (vomit)
  4. Phlegm (nose/mouth slime)
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18
Q

What was the main belief about the cause of psychological disorders in the middle ages (dark ages)?

A

Belief in supernatural causes

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19
Q

What are asylums? When were they constituted?

A

Hospitals for people with psychological disorders. The conditions in these hospitals were very poor

Established after 15th century

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20
Q

Why was Pinel an important person in the development of treatment?

A

Pinel was an important figure for more humane treatment of people with psychological disorders in the 18th century. He removed the chains of the people and thought people should be approached with compassion and understanding and treated with dignity

However lower class people were still subjected to terror

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21
Q

What is the moral treatment and how was it established? Who was an important person in this and why did her good ideas not last?

A

Humane treatment in asylums. People were encouraged to engage in purposeful activity and lived as close to normal as possible

Established in 19th century in America

Dorothea Dix made asylums more humane, but their good ideas didn’t last, since mental hospitals became overcrowded and understaffed

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22
Q

What was Pasteur’s germ theory of disease? (1870) What disease was important in this research?

A

Disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms

Syphilis

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23
Q

What was Galton’s importance for genetic research? Why is he controversial?

A

He attributed many behavioral characteristics to heredity and coined the terms nature and nurture to talk about differences in genetics and environment

Controversial: he sought to eliminate undesirable characteristics from population by restricting ability of certain people to have children

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24
Q

What encouraged experimentation with radical interventions in the 20th century?

A

More people went to mental hospitals and there was a shortage of professional staff
E.g. treatment of schizophrenia with large doses of insulin

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25
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? How was it developed and how is it used today?

A

Applying electric shocks to the head to people with schizophrenia and severe depression

Developed in the 20th century when people sought a way to induce epileptic seizures.

Used today in cases of very severe depression and the technique has been refined

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26
Q

What is prefrontal lobotomy? When was it used and what were the consequences?

A

Surgical procedure that separates the frontal lobes to other brain areas.
Used with people with violent behavior. Many people became impaired in emotion, thought and language due to the brain damage.

27
Q

Which approach dominated the field of psychopathology into the 20th century?

A

Biological approaches (lobotomy, ECT, insulin)

28
Q

What was hysteria in the 18th century? Who was Mesmer and what were his practices?

A

Physical incapacities for which no physical cause could be found

29
Q

What important stuff did Mesmer do concerning hysteria?

A

Mesmer: Hysteria was caused by a universal magnetic fluid in the body that could be influenced by another person to change the behavior

Mesmer conducted mysterious meetings, which are now seen as one of the earliest hypnosis sessions

30
Q

What important stuff did Charcot do concerning hysteria?

A

He thought hysteria had a biological cause, but he also considered psychological explanations.
A healthy woman was hypnotized into hysteria by his student and Charcot was convinced the woman had hysteria. After waking the woman, she was normal again. This made Charcot interested in psychological interpretations of these things.

31
Q

What was Breuer’s cathartic method?

A

Hypnotizing people to help them talk more freely about the things they struggle with. By releasing this emotional tension people felt more relieved
Later investigation revealed the technique didn’t work so well

32
Q

What was the general assumption of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis?

A

Psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual

33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mind according to Freud?

A
  1. Id: seeks immediate gratification of its urges
  2. Ego: develops from the id and it’s task is to deal with reality and mediate between id and reality
  3. Superego: person’s conscience
34
Q

What is a defense mechanism according to Freud?

A

Strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety

35
Q

What is the goal of the therapist in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Listening for core emotional and relationship themes that surface again and again

36
Q

What is the analysis of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

The analysis of the person’s response to his/her analyst that seem to reflect attitudes and ways of behaving toward important people in the person’s past. Through these observations, insight in one’s childhood and repressed conflicts could be gained.

37
Q

What are the 8 defense mechanisms stated by Freud?

A
  1. Repression
  2. Denial
  3. Projection
  4. Displacement
  5. Reaction formation
  6. Regression
  7. Rationalization
  8. Sublimation
38
Q

What is the defense mechanism of repression?

A

Keeping unacceptable impulses or wishes from conscious awareness

39
Q

What is the defense mechanism of denial?

A

Not accepting painful reality into conscious awareness

40
Q

What is the defense mechanism of projection?

A

Attributing to someone else one’s own unacceptable thoughts/feelings
E.g. racist man believes it is the minority that hates him

41
Q

What is the defense mechanism of displacement?

A

Redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone else (I’m mad at sister but act angrily to my friend)

42
Q

What is the defense mechanism of reaction formation?

A

Converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
(Pedophile leading campaign against child sex abuse)

43
Q

What is the defense mechanism of regression?

A

Retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development

44
Q

What is the defense mechanism of rationalization?

A

Offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude
(Hit child and say it’s to build character)

45
Q

What is the defense mechanism of sublimation?

A

Converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors (aggressive person becomes surgeon)

46
Q

Freud and his followers have a huge impact on psychopathology. In what 3 things is this influence most evident?

A
  1. Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
  2. There are unconscious influences on behavior
  3. The causes and purposes of human behavior aren’t always obvious: you have to look under the surface
47
Q

What is the main focus of behaviorism?

A

Studying only observable behavior rather than consciousness or mental functioning

48
Q

What are the 3 types of learning in behaviorism?

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
  3. Modeling
49
Q

What were the UCS, UCR, CS and CR in the dog salivation experiment by Pavlov?

A

UCS = meat
UCR = salivation
CS = ringing of a bell
CR = salivation

50
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

When the conditioned stimulus isn’t followed by the unconditioned stimulus anymore

51
Q

What was Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

Behavior that is followed by a consequence that satisfies the organism will be repeated. Behavior that is followed by an unpleasant consequence won’t be repeated

52
Q

What were 4 terms Skinner used for operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment

53
Q

What is the learning process called modeling?

A

Learning can go without reinforcers by observing others (Bandura). Observational learning!

54
Q

When did the study of cognition begin to become more prominent? What does it entail?

A

Around 1960s: researchers realized the ways in which people think can influence behavior in dramatic ways

55
Q

What are the 4 most prevalent jobs in mental health care?

A
  1. Clinical psychologist
  2. Psychiatrist
  3. Psychiatric nurse
  4. Social worker
56
Q

How do we statistically decide whether someone has abnormal behavior or not? How does it relate with the perspective in real life?

A

In real life there isn’t a hard cut where abnormality begins. In statistics we have to draw that line. Where the line is positioned isn’t random, but well considered

57
Q

Why do more experienced psychologists have poorer predictions of disorders?

A

Because they developed different expectation biases

58
Q

What is the classification system of psychopathology?

A

The DSM-5-TR

59
Q

What is so good and problematic at the same time about the DSM?

A

People can fit the criteria for the same disorder, but still be completely different. This flexibility is good, but also a problem

60
Q

What is comorbidity? What does the high prevalence of it indicate?

A

People having 2 or more disorders. It can indicate that there is a problem with how we’re doing the classification

61
Q

Why are mood/anxiety disorders more prevalent in women and substance related disorders more prevalent in men?

A

Women tend to internalize more and men tend to externalize more.

62
Q

What percentage of people would fit DSM criteria of a disorder at one point in their life?

A

43,5%

63
Q

What is technological determinism in psychology?

A

The idea that your brain is working in the same way a computer does

Clinical Psychology (19 decks)

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